View source for Article 57 GDPR

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<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 1: General provisions</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 1 GDPR|Article 1: Subject-matter and objectives]]<br />
[[Article 2 GDPR|Article 2: Material scope]]<br />
[[Article 3 GDPR|Article 3: Territorial scope]]<br />
[[Article 4 GDPR|Article 4: Definitions]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 2: Principles</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 5 GDPR|Article 5: Principles relating to processing of personal data]]<br />
[[Article 6 GDPR|Article 6: Lawfulness of processing]]<br />
[[Article 7 GDPR|Article 7: Conditions for consent]]<br />
[[Article 8 GDPR|Article 8: Conditions applicable to child’s consent in relation to information society services]]<br />
[[Article 9 GDPR|Article 9: Processing of special categories of personal data]]<br />
[[Article 10 GDPR|Article 10: Processing of personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences]]<br />
[[Article 11 GDPR|Article 11: Processing which does not require identification]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 3: Rights of the data subject</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 12 GDPR|Article 12: Transparent information, communication and modalities for the exercise of the rights of the data subject]]<br />
[[Article 13 GDPR|Article 13: Information to be provided where personal data are collected from the data subject]]<br />
[[Article 14 GDPR|Article 14: Information to be provided where personal data have not been obtained from the data subject]]<br />
[[Article 15 GDPR|Article 15: Right of access by the data subject]]<br />
[[Article 16 GDPR|Article 16: Right to rectification]]<br />
[[Article 17 GDPR|Article 17: Right to erasure (‘right to be forgotten’)]]<br />
[[Article 18 GDPR|Article 18: Right to restriction of processing]]<br />
[[Article 19 GDPR|Article 19: Notification obligation regarding rectification or erasure of personal data or restriction of processing]]<br />
[[Article 20 GDPR|Article 20: Right to data portability]]<br />
[[Article 21 GDPR|Article 21: Right to object]]<br />
[[Article 22 GDPR|Article 22: Automated individual decision-making, including profiling]]<br />
[[Article 23 GDPR|Article 23: Restrictions]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 4: Controller and processor</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 24 GDPR|Article 24: Responsibility of the controller]]<br />
[[Article 25 GDPR|Article 25: Data protection by design and by default]]<br />
[[Article 26 GDPR|Article 26: Joint controllers]]<br />
[[Article 27 GDPR|Article 27: Representatives of controllers or processors not established in the Union]]<br />
[[Article 28 GDPR|Article 28: Processor]]<br />
[[Article 29 GDPR|Article 29: Processing under the authority of the controller or processor]]<br />
[[Article 30 GDPR|Article 30: Records of processing activities]]<br />
[[Article 31 GDPR|Article 31: Cooperation with the supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 32 GDPR|Article 32: Security of processing]]<br />
[[Article 33 GDPR|Article 33: Notification of a personal data breach to the supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 34 GDPR|Article 34: Communication of a personal data breach to the data subject]]<br />
[[Article 35 GDPR|Article 35: Data protection impact assessment]]<br />
[[Article 36 GDPR|Article 36: Prior consultation]]<br />
[[Article 37 GDPR|Article 37: Designation of the data protection officer]]<br />
[[Article 38 GDPR|Article 38: Position of the data protection officer]]<br />
[[Article 39 GDPR|Article 39: Tasks of the data protection officer]]<br />
[[Article 40 GDPR|Article 40: Codes of conduct]]<br />
[[Article 41 GDPR|Article 41: Monitoring of approved codes of conduct]]<br />
[[Article 42 GDPR|Article 42: Certification]]<br />
[[Article 43 GDPR|Article 43: Certification bodies]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 5: Transfers of personal data</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 44 GDPR|Article 44: General principle for transfers]]<br />
[[Article 45 GDPR|Article 45: Transfers on the basis of an adequacy decision]]<br />
[[Article 46 GDPR|Article 46: Transfers subject to appropriate safeguards]]<br />
[[Article 47 GDPR|Article 47: Binding corporate rules]]<br />
[[Article 48 GDPR|Article 48: Transfers or disclosures not authorised by Union law]]<br />
[[Article 49 GDPR|Article 49: Derogations for specific situations]]<br />
[[Article 50 GDPR|Article 50: International cooperation for the protection of personal data]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 6: Supervisory authorities</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 51 GDPR|Article 51: Supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 52 GDPR|Article 52: Independence]]<br />
[[Article 53 GDPR|Article 53: General conditions for the members of the supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 54 GDPR|Article 54: Rules on the establishment of the supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 55 GDPR|Article 55: Competence]]<br />
[[Article 56 GDPR|Article 56: Competence of the lead supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 57 GDPR|Article 57: Tasks]]<br />
[[Article 58 GDPR|Article 58: Powers]]<br />
[[Article 59 GDPR|Article 59: Activity reports]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 7: Cooperation and consistency</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 60 GDPR|Article 60: Cooperation between the lead supervisory authority and the other supervisory authorities concerned]]<br />
[[Article 61 GDPR|Article 61: Mutual assistance]]<br />
[[Article 62 GDPR|Article 62: Joint operations of supervisory authorities]]<br />
[[Article 63 GDPR|Article 63: Consistency mechanism]]<br />
[[Article 64 GDPR|Article 64: Opinion of the Board]]<br />
[[Article 65 GDPR|Article 65: Dispute resolution by the Board]]<br />
[[Article 66 GDPR|Article 66: Urgency procedure]]<br />
[[Article 67 GDPR|Article 67: Exchange of information]]<br />
[[Article 68 GDPR|Article 68: European Data Protection Board]]<br />
[[Article 69 GDPR|Article 69: Independence]]<br />
[[Article 70 GDPR|Article 70: Tasks of the Board]]<br />
[[Article 71 GDPR|Article 71: Reports]]<br />
[[Article 72 GDPR|Article 72: Procedure]]<br />
[[Article 73 GDPR|Article 73: Chair]]<br />
[[Article 74 GDPR|Article 74: Tasks of the Chair]]<br />
[[Article 75 GDPR|Article 75: Secretariat]]<br />
[[Article 76 GDPR|Article 76: Confidentiality]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 8: Remedies, liability and penalties</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 77 GDPR|Article 77: Right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 78 GDPR|Article 78: Right to an effective judicial remedy against a supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 79 GDPR|Article 79: Right to an effective judicial remedy against a controller or processor]]<br />
[[Article 80 GDPR|Article 80: Representation of data subjects]]<br />
[[Article 81 GDPR|Article 81: Suspension of proceedings]]<br />
[[Article 82 GDPR|Article 82: Right to compensation and liability]]<br />
[[Article 83 GDPR|Article 83: General conditions for imposing administrative fines]]<br />
[[Article 84 GDPR|Article 84: Penalties]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 9: Specific processing situations</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 85 GDPR|Article 85: Processing and freedom of expression and information]]<br />
[[Article 86 GDPR|Article 86: Processing and public access to official documents]]<br />
[[Article 87 GDPR|Article 87: Processing of the national identification number]]<br />
[[Article 88 GDPR|Article 88: Processing in the context of employment]]<br />
[[Article 89 GDPR|Article 89: Safeguards and derogations relating to processing for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes]]<br />
[[Article 90 GDPR|Article 90: Obligations of secrecy]]<br />
[[Article 91 GDPR|Article 91: Existing data protection rules of churches and religious associations]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 10: Delegated and implementing acts</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 92 GDPR|Article 92: Exercise of the delegation]]<br />
[[Article 93 GDPR|Article 93: Committee procedure]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 11: Final provisions</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 94 GDPR|Article 94: Repeal of Directive 95: /46: /EC]]<br />
[[Article 95 GDPR|Article 95: Relationship with Directive 20: 02: /58: /EC]]<br />
[[Article 96 GDPR|Article 96: Relationship with previously concluded Agreements]]<br />
[[Article 97 GDPR|Article 97: Commission reports]]<br />
[[Article 98 GDPR|Article 98: Review of other Union legal acts on data protection]]<br />
[[Article 99 GDPR|Article 99: Entry into force and application]]<br />
</small>
</div>
</div>
|}

==Legal Text==
'''Article 57 - Tasks'''

<span id="1">1.   Without prejudice to other tasks set out under this Regulation, each supervisory authority shall on its territory:</span>

::<span id="1a">(a)   monitor and enforce the application of this Regulation;</span>

::<span id="1b">(b)   promote public awareness and understanding of the risks, rules, safeguards and rights in relation to processing. Activities addressed specifically to children shall receive specific attention;</span>

::<span id="1c">(c)   advise, in accordance with Member State law, the national parliament, the government, and other institutions and bodies on legislative and administrative measures relating to the protection of natural persons' rights and freedoms with regard to processing;</span>

::<span id="1d">(d)   promote the awareness of controllers and processors of their obligations under this Regulation;</span>

::<span id="1e">(e)   upon request, provide information to any data subject concerning the exercise of their rights under this Regulation and, if appropriate, cooperate with the supervisory authorities in other Member States to that end;</span>

::<span id="1f">(f)   handle complaints lodged by a data subject, or by a body, organisation or association in accordance with Article 80, and investigate, to the extent appropriate, the subject matter of the complaint and inform the complainant of the progress and the outcome of the investigation within a reasonable period, in particular if further investigation or coordination with another supervisory authority is necessary;</span>

::<span id="1g">(g)   cooperate with, including sharing information and provide mutual assistance to, other supervisory authorities with a view to ensuring the consistency of application and enforcement of this Regulation;</span>

::<span id="1h">(h)   conduct investigations on the application of this Regulation, including on the basis of information received from another supervisory authority or other public authority;</span>

::<span id="1i">(i)   monitor relevant developments, insofar as they have an impact on the protection of personal data, in particular the development of information and communication technologies and commercial practices;</span>

::<span id="1j">(j)   adopt standard contractual clauses referred to in Article 28(8) and in point (d) of Article 46(2);</span>

::<span id="1k">(k)   establish and maintain a list in relation to the requirement for data protection impact assessment pursuant to Article 35(4);</span>

::<span id="1l">(l)   give advice on the processing operations referred to in Article 36(2);</span>

::<span id="1m">(m)   encourage the drawing up of codes of conduct pursuant to Article 40(1) and provide an opinion and approve such codes of conduct which provide sufficient safeguards, pursuant to Article 40(5);</span>

::<span id="1n">(n)   encourage the establishment of data protection certification mechanisms and of data protection seals and marks pursuant to Article 42(1), and approve the criteria of certification pursuant to Article 42(5);</span>

::<span id="1o">(o)   where applicable, carry out a periodic review of certifications issued in accordance with Article 42(7);</span>

::<span id="1p">(p)   draft and publish the criteria for accreditation of a body for monitoring codes of conduct pursuant to Article 41 and of a certification body pursuant to Article 43;</span>

::<span id="1q">(q)   conduct the accreditation of a body for monitoring codes of conduct pursuant to Article 41 and of a certification body pursuant to Article 43;</span>

::<span id="1r">(r)   authorise contractual clauses and provisions referred to in Article 46(3);</span>

::<span id="1s">(s)   approve binding corporate rules pursuant to Article 47;</span>

::<span id="1t">(t)   contribute to the activities of the Board;</span>

::<span id="1u">(u)   keep internal records of infringements of this Regulation and of measures taken in accordance with Article 58(2); and</span>

::<span id="1v">(v)   fulfil any other tasks related to the protection of personal data.</span>

<span id="2">2.   Each supervisory authority shall facilitate the submission of complaints referred to in point (f) of paragraph 1 by measures such as a complaint submission form which can also be completed electronically, without excluding other means of communication.</span>

<span id="3">3.   The performance of the tasks of each supervisory authority shall be free of charge for the data subject and, where applicable, for the data protection officer.</span>

<span id="4">4.   Where requests are manifestly unfounded or excessive, in particular because of their repetitive character, the supervisory authority may charge a reasonable fee based on administrative costs, or refuse to act on the request. The supervisory authority shall bear the burden of demonstrating the manifestly unfounded or excessive character of the request.</span>

==Relevant Recitals==
{{Recital/122 GDPR}}
{{Recital/123 GDPR}}
{{Recital/129 GDPR}}
{{Recital/132 GDPR}}
{{Recital/133 GDPR}}

== Commentary==
Article 57(1) GDPR contains a detailed, albeit not exhaustive, list of mandatory tasks assigned to the supervisory authorities (SAs).<ref>''Ziebarth,'' in Sydow, Marsch, DS-GVO/BDSG, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 1 (Nomos 2022).</ref> Articles 57(2) to (4) GDPR require SAs to facilitate the submission of complaints  and not to charge fees to data subjects, except for manifestly unfounded or excessive requests.

==== Related Articles ====
Articles that are related to Article 57 GDPR include Article 4(21) GDPR (definition of a supervisory authority); Article 28(8) GDPR (adoption of processors’ standard contractual clauses); Article 36(2) GDPR (prior consultation); Article 40 GDPR  (codes of conduct); Article 42 GDPR  (certification); Article 46 GDPR (standard data protection clauses for data transfers); Article 47 GDPR (approval of binding corporate rules); Article 50 GDPR (international cooperation for the protection of personal data); Article 58 GDPR (powers); Article 59 GDPR (activity reports); Article 60 GDPR (cooperation between supervisory authorities); Article 61 GDPR (mutual assistance); Article 62 GDPR (joint operations ); Article 70 GDPR (tasks of the Board), Article 77 GDPR (complaint handling and investigations); and Article 83 GDPR (administrative fines).<ref>''See Zerdick'', in Kuner, Bygrave, Docksey, The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): A Commentary, Article 57 GDPR, p. 929 (Oxford University Press 2020).</ref> 

===(1) Tasks of the supervisory authority (SA) ===
Article 57(1) GDPR sets out a list of 21 tasks that each SA must ("''shall''") perform on its territory. The detailed regulation aims at creating an equivalent level of data protection within the EU through a ''"uniform implementation framework''" (Recital 123 GDPR, 129 GDPR).<ref>''Eichler'', in Wolff/Brink, BeckOK DatenschutzR, Article 57 GDPR, margin numbers 1-3 (C.H. Beck 2021).</ref> 

Tasks listed in Article 57(1) GDPR can be divided into:

* monitoring and enforcement activities (points a, f, h and g), 
* investigation and audit activities ( points f and h), 
* advisory activities (points c, d, e and l)
* awareness raising activities (points b and d),
* cooperation activities (points g and t), 
* performing of activities and instruments envisaged in other Articles of the GDPR (points j to s),
* documentation requirements (point u), and 
* monitoring of relevant developments that could have an impact on the protection of personal data (point i).<ref>''Boehm'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 7 (C.H. Beck 2020, 3rd Edition).</ref> 


Albeit detailed the list of tasks is not closed, as some tasks are set out in other parts of the GDPR  ("''without prejudice to other tasks set out under this Regulation''"). An example thereof is drawing up of annual activity reports ([[Article 59 GDPR|Article 59 GDPR)]]. It should be noted that that ensuring free flow of personal data is not entailed among the tasks of the SA.<ref>''Ziebarth,'' in Sydow, Marsch, DS-GVO/BDSG, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 4 (Nomos 2022).</ref>

====(a) Monitor and enforce the application of the GDPR====
Monitoring and enforcement of the GDPR are SA's main tasks. They summarise the core idea of SA's activities. All other tasks entailed in Article 57(1) GDPR can be understood as a manifestation of this general task.<ref>''Boehm'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 9 (C.H. Beck 2020).</ref>

===== Monitoring =====

Monitoring of the application of the GDPR refers to controlling controllers and processors and reviewing whether they comply with the GDPR. Monitoring includes data protection audits of controllers and processors, probes of compliance wit certain provisions of the GDPR or types of data processing and reviewing the certifications issued in accordance with Article 42(7) GDPR. When performing this task SA typically uses investigative powers from Article 58(1)(a)(b)(e)(f).<ref>''Polenz'', in Simitis, Hornung, Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Datenschutzrecht, Article 57 GDPR, margin numbers 7 and 8 (Nomos 2019). See also ''Ziebarth,'' in Sydow, Marsch, DS-GVO/BDSG, Article 58 GDPR, margin number 7 (Nomos 2022).</ref><blockquote>{{Quote-example|A DPA starts a probe into video surveillance practices in supermarkets to determine whether controllers comply with the principles of lawfulness and data minimisation.<ref>''Polenz'', in Simitis, Hornung, Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Datenschutzrecht, Article 57 GDPR, margin numbers 7 and 8 (Nomos 2019).</ref>}}</blockquote><blockquote>{{Quote-CJEU|"[...] it is important to note that, in accordance with Article 8(3) of the Charter and Article 51(1) and Article 57(1)(a) of the GDPR, the national supervisory authorities are responsible for monitoring compliance with the EU rules concerning the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data [...]"|CJEU - Joined Cases C‑26/22 and C‑64/22 - SCHUFA|55.}}</blockquote>

=====Enforce=====
Enforcement of the application of the GDPR concerns the remedying of infringements of the GDPR that a SA has identified. <ref>''Polenz'', in Simitis, Hornung, Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Datenschutzrecht, Article 57 GDPR, margin numbers 7 and 9 (Nomos 2019).</ref> This means that when a SA determines that the GDPR has been applied incorrectly or not at all by a controller or processor, the SA should not stop there, but ensure compliance. 

Enforcement must be effective and, if necessary, coercive. Therefore SA should make use of its corrective powers under [[Article 58 GDPR|Article 58(2) GDPR]].<ref name=":0">''Selmayr'', in Ehmann, Selmayr, DS-GVO Kommentar, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 7 (C.H. Beck 2018).</ref> This ranges from warning, to issuing a ban on processing and to the imposition of fines. SAs thus become effective supervisors with the possibility to intervene comprehensively.<ref name=":0" /> Data protection law, even at the highest level, is of little use if it is not enforced.<ref>''Ziebarth,'' in Sydow, Marsch, DS-GVO/BDSG, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 6 (Nomos 2022).</ref><blockquote>{{Quote-example|Company YX is transferring data to the US without a valid legal basis. After the SA has established the infringement of the GDPR it should ensure that the infringement stops and that the controller brings the processing of personal data in compliance with GDPR. This can be done by ordering return of data to the EU/EEA, banning future processing of respective data outside the EU/EEA and imposing a fine for¨in the event, if YX does not comply with the order.}}</blockquote>

====(b) Promote public awareness====
The GDPR assigns the SAs the task of making the public aware of the risks associated with data processing and of safeguards and protections that the GDPR affords to data subjects and children. Informing the public is an important task of the SAs as the knowledge of the functions, possibilities and risks of data processing is limited in the general public.<ref>''Ziebarth,'' in Sydow, Marsch, DS-GVO/BDSG, Article 57 GDPR, margin numbers 15 and 16 (Nomos 2022).</ref> Risks arise from the technical possibilities of accessing knowledge, but also from the consequences it can have on individuals and society when state, social or economic power obtains knowledge about people in an uncontrolled and asymmetrical manner. At the same time, only if data subjects are aware of the applicable data protection provisions provisions and the rights afforded to them, they can claim their rights and invoke violations.    

Promotion of public awareness can be an effective mean of raising the level of data protection. It can be done with educational events, conferences and also with annual reports that SAs are required to draw up under [[Article 59 GDPR]].<ref>''Selmayr'', in Ehmann, Selmayr, DS-GVO Kommentar, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 13 (2nd Edition, C.H. Beck 2018).</ref> With awareness raising also the visibility and presence of SAs can be strengthened. ''Only as publicly known bodies can the authorities effectively fulfil their task as 'independent guardians of the fundamental right to data protection'''.<ref>''Boehm'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 14 (C.H. Beck 2020, 3rd Edition).</ref>   <blockquote>{{Quote-example|A SA organises a public campaign "know your rights" on data subject’s rights that includes visits of schools.}}</blockquote>

====(c) Advise Member States and other public bodies====
This provision tasks SAs to provide general, preventive advice to public bodies on which measures should be taken to ensure an appropriate level of data protection. SAs should be consulted during preparation of laws and regulations, as well as administrative measures. In this regard [[Article 36 GDPR|Article 36(4) GDPR]] stipulates that Member States must consult the SA during the preparation of a legislative measure which relates to processing of personal data or of a regulatory measure based on such a legislative measure, which relates to processing. Which institutions and bodies are to be advised is determined by national laws of Member States. <ref>''Eichler'', in Wolff/Brink, BeckOK DatenschutzR, Article 57, margin numbers 9-11 (C.H. Beck, 36th edition).</ref> For more information refer to [[Article 36 GDPR|Article 36(4) GDPR]].<blockquote>{{Quote-example|Estonia upgrades its e-governance system. The Estonian SA should be consulted in the process since the system introduces new technical solutions for processing of data.}}</blockquote>

====(d) Promote the awareness of controllers and processors====

SAs should not only shed light on legislative proposals and administrative measures, but also on those actors whose actions are governed by the GDPR (controllers and processors). In practice, this task can be carried out, for example, through training courses, official statements as well as through direct exchange with the obligated parties in the event of obvious difficulties in interpreting of provisions.<ref>''Boehm'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 14-19 (C.H. Beck 2020).</ref> <blockquote>{{Quote-example|Organisation of workshops for data protection officers.}}
In contrast to Article 57(1)(c) GDPR, which clearly mandates SAs to advise Member States and public sector bodies, this provision uses a different wording - "promote awareness". Similar wording is used in point (b) in relation to the general public - "promote public awareness". Consequently, this provision must be interpreted as mandating SAs to inform and educate controllers and processors in general. However, it cannot be interpreted as a mandate for the SAs to provide legal advice to controllers and processors in individual cases of data processing and, in particular, not to seek solutions together with controllers and processors on how to adjust a particular data processing that violates the GDPR to make it GDPR compliant in the context of complaints procedures or ex officio investigations instead of establishing a violation of the GDPR. </blockquote>
====(e) Provide information concerning the exercise of data subject rights====

SAs are tasked to provide specific guidance ("upon request") to data subjects with information about the exercise of their GDPR rights. These includes information regarding material rights, such as the right to be forgotten ([[Article 17 GDPR]]) and the right to compensation ([[Article 82 GDPR]]), as well as procedural rights and legal enforcement options, for instance, the rights mentioned in [[Article 77 GDPR]], [[Article 78 GDPR]] and [[Article 80 GDPR]]).<ref>''Ziebarth,'' in Sydow, Marsch, DS-GVO/BDSG, Article 57 GDPR, margin numbers 23 and 24 (Nomos 2022).</ref> Article 57(1)(e) GDPR also refers to the fact that several SAs may have to work together to provide information to data subjects (''"if appropriate, cooperate with the supervisory authorities in other Member States to that end"''), for example in cross-border where the SA of the main or only establishment of the controller is charged with the investigation ([[Article 56 GDPR]] and [[Article 60 GDPR]]) and the SA  with which the complaint has been lodged with informing the complainant (on the progress and outcome of the complaint ([[Article 77 GDPR|Article 77(2) GDPR]]).<ref>''Boehm'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 18 (C.H. Beck 2020, 3rd Edition).</ref><blockquote>Example: Provide information in an email about the mandatory requirements of a complaint upon data subject's request. </blockquote>

====(f) Handle, investigate complaints and inform the complainant of the progress and outcome====

===== Handle complaints lodged by a data subject=====
Handling of complaints is one of the main tasks of supervisory authorities.<ref>''Boehm'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 10 (C.H. Beck 2020, 3rd Edition).</ref> "''This key duty of [SAs] corresponds with the right of data subjects pursuant to [[Article 77 GDPR|Article 77 [GDPR]]] to lodge a complaint with a [SA].''"<ref>Internal EDPB Document 02/2021 on SAs duties in relation to alleged GDPR infringements, page 4, available [https://edpb.europa.eu/our-work-tools/our-documents/internal-documents/internal-edpb-document-022021-sas-duties-relation_en here].</ref> SA's obligation to perform its task under Article 57(1)(f) GDPR is triggered by a complaint being filed with the SA. According to [[Article 77 GDPR]] the complaint can be lodged by a data subject or by a non-for-profit body on behalf of a data subject under [[Article 80 GDPR]].

When a SA obtains a complaint it must handle it.<ref>See CJEU - ''[[CJEU - Joined Cases C‑26/22 and C‑64/22 - SCHUFA|C-26/22 - Schufa Holding]]'', paragraphs 47-70.</ref> SAs have the duty to handle each and every complaint submitted to them.<ref>See Internal EDPB Document 02/2021 on SAs duties in relation to alleged GDPR infringements, page 11, available [https://edpb.europa.eu/our-work-tools/our-documents/internal-documents/internal-edpb-document-022021-sas-duties-relation_en here].</ref> CJEU confirmed that complaints are not and cannot be treated as petitions. SAs are required to deal with them and sanction any violation of the GDPR in an appropriate manner. As the complaint is not a mere petition, a supervisory authority cannot invoke its discretion in not dealing with it, nor can postpone the handling in such a way that makes the right void of any substantial meaning. Lack of appropriate action by the supervisory authority or a substantial delay in handling a complaint thus constitute a violation of the principle of effectiveness and of the due diligence duty.<ref name=":1">CJEU, Joined Cases C‑26/22 and C‑64/22, SCHUFA, 7 December 2023, margin numbers 56 and 58 (available [[CJEU - Joined Cases C‑26/22 and C‑64/22 - SCHUFA|here]]).</ref>
{{Quote-CJEU|"[…] each supervisory authority is required on its territory to handle complaints which, in accordance with Article 77(1) of that regulation, any data subject is entitled to lodge where that data subject considers that the processing of his or her personal data infringes the regulation, and is required to examine the nature of that complaint as necessary. The supervisory authority must deal with such a complaint with all due diligence […]."|CJEU - Joined Cases C‑26/22 and C‑64/22 - SCHUFA|56.}}<blockquote>The CJEU also confirmed that the complaints procedure, which is not similar to that of a petition, is designed as a mechanism capable of effectively safeguarding the rights and interests of data subjects.<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>

=====Complaint=====
GDPR does not define what constitutes a complaint. It only specifies the subject matter of a complaint. According to Article 77(1) GDPR the complaint concerns processing of personal data of the complainant which, in the complainant's view, infringes the GDPR. European Data Protection Board ("EDPB") indicates that a complaint may be defined as a submission to a SA by an identified natural person – or a not-for-profit body, organization or association that fulfils the conditions provided by Article 80 of the GDPR – who considers that the processing of personal data relating to him or her infringes the GDPR.<ref>See Internal EDPB Document 6/2020 on preliminary steps to handle a complaint: admissibility and vetting of complaints, pages 3 and 4, available [https://edpb.europa.eu/system/files/2022-07/internal_edpb_document_062020_on_admissibility_and_preliminary_vetting_of_complaints_en.pdf here]. See also Internal EDPB Document 02/2021 on SAs duties in relation to alleged GDPR infringements, page 13, available [https://edpb.europa.eu/our-work-tools/our-documents/internal-documents/internal-edpb-document-022021-sas-duties-relation_en here].</ref> Consequently, complaints are not restricted to breaches of data subject's rights under Chapter III of the GDPR, but also concern any other violation of the data subject rights due to non-compliance with other obligations under the GDPR by the controller or processor''.''   

As the GDPR does not clarify what constitutes a complaint nor does it provide for the minimal requirements of a complaint, the elements that are required to be in a complaint for it to qualify as a complaint be admissible are determined by Member State law. 
====== Handling======
Handling refers to the whole complaint procedure and thus covers all stages of the procedure, from checking of admissibility of the complaint and investigating its subject matter to taking a decision on the complaint and informing the data subject about the decision. When a complaint is lodged, the SA first proofs whether the complaint contains all elements that are required for it to be admissible under national law.<ref>Internal EDPB Document 02/2021 on SAs duties in relation to alleged GDPR infringements, page 14, available [https://www.edpb.europa.eu/our-work-tools/our-documents/internal-documents/internal-edpb-document-022021-sas-duties-relation_en here].</ref> Second, the SA must identify which SA is competent to handle the complaint in accordance with [[Article 55 GDPR]] and in cross-border cases [[Article 56 GDPR]] and if applicable sent the complaint to the competent SA. This is done in the IMI system.<ref>"'''''IMI (Internal Market Information System) was chosen as the IT platform to support cooperation and consistency procedures under the GDPR'''. IMI helps public authorities across the EU to cooperate and exchange information. The GDPR is the 13th legal area supported by the system.''" See EDPB website https://www.edpb.europa.eu/news/news/2018/state-play-imi-gdpr-purposes_en (29 March 2024).</ref>

GDPR is regulating the procedure to a very limited extend. Articles 55 GDPR and 56(1) GDPR contain rules on competence and Articles [[Article 56 GDPR|56 GDPR]] and 60 to 66 GDPR lay down a framework for handling of cross-border cases and cases with other transnational elements.<ref>Add Procedural regulation.</ref> As the complaint procedure is mostly not regulated by the GDPR, complaints are handled under applicable national procedural rules. Some Member States have adopted procedural laws in other states the procedure is regulated by internal rules of procedure, depending on the Member State's legal order. In any case, as EDPB Internal Document 02/2021 clarifies, when handling a complaint SAs should always fulfil their procedural obligations under the GDPR, as well as adhere to other applicable rules and principles of EU law, such as the right to be heard (Article 41 CFR).<ref>Internal EDPB Document 02/2021 on SAs duties in relation to alleged GDPR infringements, page 16, available [https://edpb.europa.eu/our-work-tools/our-documents/internal-documents/internal-edpb-document-022021-sas-duties-relation_en here].</ref> 
=====Investigate the subject matter of the complaint=====

In the next step the competent SA has to investigate the subject matter of the complaint. This ''"entails taking all necessary and appropriate steps with a view to resolving an issue or establishing whether an infringement has been committed and if so under what circumstances."'' The investigation can be carried out, for example, by hearing the person responsible, by on-site inspections or by researching the technical and other framework conditions ([[Article 58 GDPR|Article 58(1) GDPR]]). It is aimed at determining whether the processing and/or the handling of data subjects' rights is in compliance with the law.<ref>''Ziebarth,'' in Sydow, Marsch, DS-GVO/BDSG, Article 57 GDPR, margin numbers 32-33 (Nomos 2022).</ref> But the subject matter of the complaint must be investigated with all due diligence.<ref>''Boehm'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 11 (C.H. Beck 2020, 3rd Edition). See also Internal EDPB Document 02/2021 on SAs duties in relation to alleged GDPR infringements, page 11, available [https://edpb.europa.eu/our-work-tools/our-documents/internal-documents/internal-edpb-document-022021-sas-duties-relation_en here].</ref><blockquote>Case law: In case ''C-362/14 - Schrems'' CJEU considered that where a person lodges with a SA a claim concerning the protection of his rights and freedoms in regard to the processing of his data it is incumbent upon the SA to examine the claim with all due diligence.<ref>CJEU, case ''C- 362/ 14 - Schrems I'', paragraph 63.</ref></blockquote>

=====To the extent appropriate=====

SAs are provided with a margin of discretion as regards the extent or depth of the investigation needed. A complaint must be investigated "to the extent appropriate”. Which investigatory steps are to be taken, depends on both the circumstances of the specific case and the requirements under national procedural law, but some degree of investigation must take place if the complaint is deemed admissible.<ref>See Internal EDPB Document 02/2021 on SAs duties in relation to alleged GDPR infringements, page 15, available [https://edpb.europa.eu/our-work-tools/our-documents/internal-documents/internal-edpb-document-022021-sas-duties-relation_en here].</ref> <blockquote>Example: When a complaint concerns processing of data without a legal basis through a website no on-site investigation is necessary. In the event that the subject matter of the complaint concerns non-compliance of video surveillance with GDPR requirements, an on-site visit can be very helpful or even necessary.  </blockquote>According to EDPB necessary and appropriate steps encompass the measures (investigative powers) mentioned in [[Article 58 GDPR|Article 58]] and among others include requesting information from the controller or processor and  carrying out an audit or on-site inspection. While a SA ''"has a discretionary power to decide upon the necessary investigatory steps to be taken, including the extent and kind of information needed in order to provide a reply to the data subject and to decide on the necessity of enforcement action [...] [t]his discretionary power must be exercised with all due diligence. In all cases, the factual and legal issues raised by the complainant must be exemined".''<ref>See Internal EDPB Document 02/2021 on SAs duties in relation to alleged GDPR infringements, page 16, available [https://edpb.europa.eu/our-work-tools/our-documents/internal-documents/internal-edpb-document-022021-sas-duties-relation_en here].</ref>

Case law: In ''[[CJEU - C-311/18 - Schrems II|Schrems II]]'' CJEU clarified that each supervisory authority is required to examine the nature of a complaint as necessary. The supervisory authority must deal with such a complaint with all due diligence.<ref>CJEU, [[CJEU - C-311/18 - Schrems II|C‑311/18 - ''Schrems II'']], paragraph 109; see also CJEU, C-26/22 -  xxx, paragraph 56.</ref> 

=====Inform the complainant of the outcome of the investigation=====
Finally, for all admitted complaints that are not withdrawn, SAs must provide a decision or other legally attackable act specifying the facts and legal considerations for confirming the alleged infringements from the complaint or rejecting the complaint or dismissing the complaint (not investigating it further).<ref>See Internal EDPB Document 02/2021 on SAs duties in relation to alleged GDPR infringements, page 15, available [https://edpb.europa.eu/our-work-tools/our-documents/internal-documents/internal-edpb-document-022021-sas-duties-relation_en here].</ref> The SA where the complaint was lodged must inform the data subject of the outcome of the investigation. The controller or processor and the complainant have the right to appeal the decision of the SA in accordance with [[Article 78 GDPR]]. In case of an appeal SA's decision is subject to a full judicial review (see commentary to Article 78 GDPR).<ref>CJEU, [[CJEU - Joined Cases C‑26/22 and C‑64/22 - SCHUFA|C-26/22]], paragraph 52; see also  [[CJEU - C-132/21 - Nemzeti Adatvédelmi és Információszabadság Hatóság|C‑132/21 - ''Nemzeti'']]'','' paragraph 41.</ref>  
======Within a reasonable period======
Handling of a complaint should be performed within a reasonable period of time (see also [[Article 77 GDPR|Article 77(2) GDPR]] and [[Article 78 GDPR]]). This reflects a fundamental duty of the SA to process complaints quickly and efficiently and to avoid lengthy proceedings.<ref>''Selmayr'', in Ehmann, Selmayr, DS-GVO, Article 57, margin numbers 6-11 (C.H. Beck 2017).</ref> Whether a reasonable time frame has been observed depends on the complexity of the case, as well as on the intensity of the infringement of the fundamental right, whereby it must also be taken into account whether the violation affects also rights of other data subjects. The aim is to prevent very long proceedings, including in transnational cases when further investigation or coordination with another SA is necessary.<ref>''Boehm'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 13 (C.H. Beck 2020, 3rd Edition).</ref> Nevertheless, the reasonable period  will be somewhat longer if coordination with other SAs is needed, for example pursuant to [[Article 60 GDPR]], in particular if there are reasoned objections from other supervisory authorities concerned and a binding decision of the European Data Protection Board (EDPB) needs to be adopted according to [[Article 65 GDPR]].<ref>''Polenz'', in Simitis, Hornung, Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Datenschutzrecht, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 29 (Nomos 2019).</ref><blockquote>Example: If it takes 6 years for a SA to investigate a complaint and take a final decision the complaint was not handled within a reasonable time. </blockquote>The provision must also be read in conjunction with [[Article 78 GDPR]] providing for a legal remedy against legally binding decisions of SAs (see above) and in case of inactivity of a SA.<ref>''Boehm'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 12 (C.H. Beck 2020, 3rd Edition).</ref> For example, at the latest after three months, the complainant must at least be informed of the state of affairs. If this does not happen, he can file a legal remedy against the SA.   

===== (g) Cooperate with other supervisory authorities (SAs)=====
SAs must share information and cooperate with other authorities in case a processing presents transnational profiles, including through the exchange of information and providing administrative assistance. Proactivity is required as SAs are under the obligation to contribute to the consistent application of the GDPR throughout the EU/EEA according to [[Article 51 GDPR#2|Article 51(2) GDPR]] .<ref>''Zerdick'', in Kuner, Bygrave, Docksey, The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): A Commentary, Article 57 GDPR, p. 931 (Oxford University Press 2020).</ref> GDPR provides rules on cooperation between SAs in Articles 60 to 66 and [[Article 56 GDPR|Article 56(2) to (5)]]. Duty to cooperate is not limited to cases of cross-border processing as per [[Article 4 GDPR|Article 4(21) GDPR]].<blockquote>
Example: Austrian SA asks the Danish SA to make an on-side inspection and seize data on controller's server located in Denmark.  </blockquote>
For more information on cooperation see commentary to [[Article 60 GDPR]], [[Article 61 GDPR]], [[Article 62 GDPR]], [[Article 63 GDPR]], [[Article 64 GDPR]], [[Article 65 GDPR]], [[Article 66 GDPR]] and [[Article 56 GDPR]].
=====(h) Conduct investigations=====
The SA is also tasked to carry out investigations on its own initiative to ensure compliance with the GDPR. Investigations under Article 57(1)(h) GDPR can also be initiated based on information that the SA  obtained from another SA (e.g. in accordance with [[Article 60 GDPR|Article 60(1) GDPR]] and [[Article 61 GDPR|Article 61(1)GDPR]]), another national authority (e.g. a competition SA, consumer protection or telecommunications authority) or from any other source.<ref>''Selmayr'', in Ehmann, Selmayr, DS-GVO Kommentar, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 9 (2nd Edition, C.H. Beck 2018).</ref> However if a complaint was filed, the SA must exemine the complaint in a complaint procedure. At the European level, Article 46(b) of [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32001R0045 Regulation (EC) No 45/2001] contains a similar ex officio duty of investigation for the European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS).<ref>Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2000 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data by the Community institutions and bodies and on the free movement of such data, available [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32001R0045 here].</ref><blockquote>Example: A SA initiates an ex officio investigation, after a research study by a NGO reveals that cars are sharing unlimited data with car producers, including video and audio of the driver and passengers.   </blockquote>
=====(i) Monitor relevant development=====
Another activity SAs are tasked with is to follow any development relevant to data protection field. In particular, the SA must follow new communication technologies and business practices. This includes new invasive processing methods, for example in the areas of big data, pattern recognition and internet surveillance, as well as technical developments that can be used to ensure data protection requirements, such as options for separate data storage, encryption and pseudonymisation, and use of secure networks. SAs should also be aware of new trends in processing of personal data for purposes of advertising, pay-or-ok solutions, and the use of new consent and contract clauses.<ref>''Polenz'', in Simitis, Hornung, Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Datenschutzrecht, Article 57 GDPR, margin numbers 35-37 (Nomos 2019).</ref> Following relevant developments seems also to be necessary in order to adequately carry out the other tasks, particularly monitoring and advice.<ref>''Boehm'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 23 (C.H. Beck 2020, 3rd Edition).</ref>  

Example: SA should react when social networks start using pay-or-ok solutions.

=====(j) Adopt standard contractual clauses=====
Under Article 57(1)(j) SA are given the task to adopt standard contractual clauses as laid down in [[Article 28 GDPR|Article 28(8) GDPR]] and [[Article 46 GDPR|Article 46(2)(d) GDPR]]. Both cases require activity by the EDPB, within the consistency mechanism under [[Article 63 GDPR]] or by adopting an opinion under [[Article 64 GDPR|Article 64(1)(d) GDPR]]. 

For more information see commentary to [[Article 28 GDPR|Article 28(8) GDPR]] and Article [[Article 46 GDPR|46(2)(d) GDPR]].

===== (k) Maintain a list of processing operations requiring a data protection impact assessment=====
Every SA has to establish and maintain a list of the processing operations for which a data protection impact assessment (DPIA) must always be carried out ([[Article 35 GDPR|Article 35(4) GDPR]]). On the other hand, maintaining a ''negative list'' for cases where a DPIA is not needed is ''not a mandatory task''.<ref>xxxx</ref> According to [[Article 35 GDPR|Article 35(5) GDPR]], a SA can also establish and make public a list of the kind of processing operations for which no data protection impact assessment is required. These lists are to be submitted to the EDPB.

For more information, please refer to [[Article 35 GDPR]].

=====(l) Give advice on data protection impact assessment=====
Advising controllers and processors with regard to high-risk processing operations referred to in [[Article 36 GDPR|Article 36(2) GDPR]] is one of the tasks of SAs.  This includes receiving and reviewing the data protection impact assessment notified to it and advising the controller in accordance with [[Article 36 GDPR|Article 36(2) GDPR]], in particularly making proposals to mitigate the risk. <ref>''Ziebarth,'' in Sydow, Marsch, DS-GVO/BDSG, Article 55 GDPR, margin number 48 (Nomos 2022).</ref> SA can also make use of any of its powers referred to in [[Article 58 GDPR]]. This includes its corrective powers, in particularly, if the written recommendations of the SA are not taken into account and the controller or processor continuously fails to properly identify and mitigate the risk.<ref>''Polenz'', in Simitis, Hornung, Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Datenschutzrecht, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 40 (Nomos 2019).</ref>

For more details see commentary to [[Article 36 GDPR]].

=====(m) Encourage the drawing up of codes of conduct and regulate the use of codes of conduct=====
SAs have the task of promoting development of codes of conduct by associations and other organisations representing categories of controllers or processors pursuant to [[Article 40 GDPR|Article 40(1) GDPR]]. SA receives the draft, examines it, issues opinions on the question if it is compatible with the GDPR and, if so, approves it.<ref>''Polenz'', in Simitis, Hornung, Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Datenschutzrecht, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 41 (Nomos 2019).</ref>

See comment under [[Article 40 GDPR]].

=====(n) Regulate the use of data protection certification mechanisms =====
This task is directly connected with [[Article 42 GDPR|Article 42(1) GDPR]] that stipulates that SAs are to encourage the establishment of data protection certification mechanisms and of data protection seals and marks, for the purpose of demonstrating compliance of processing operations by controllers and processors with the GDPR. The SA is also to issue certifications and approve criteria according to which the process to be certified is to be examined  pursuant to [[Article 42 GDPR|Article 42(5) GDPR]].<ref>''Ziebarth,'' in Sydow, Marsch, DS-GVO/BDSG, Article 57 GDPR, margin numbers 50-52 (Nomos 2022).</ref>

See comment under [[Article 42 GDPR]].

=====(o) Carry out reviews of certifications =====
This task is further specified in [[Article 42 GDPR]]. A SA must periodically review the certifications granted under [[Article 42 GDPR]] (see also point (n) above), which is followed by a renewal or withdrawal of the certification in accordance with [[Article 42 GDPR|Article 42(7) GDPR]].<ref>''Ziebarth,'' in Sydow, Marsch, DS-GVO/BDSG, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 53 (Nomos 2022).</ref>

For more information see comment under [[Article 42 GDPR]].

=====(p) Draft the requirements for accreditation of monitoring bodies and certification bodies=====
Tis task concerns codes of conduct under [[Article 41 GDPR]] and certifications under [[Article 43 GDPR]], which can be approved and issued by bodies other than SAs. These bodies require accreditation for this purpose. The SA determines and publishes the requirements these bodies must fulfil for accreditation.<ref>''Ziebarth,'' in Sydow, Marsch, DS-GVO/BDSG, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 54 (Nomos 2022).</ref>

See also commentary to [[Article 41 GDPR]] and [[Article 43 GDPR]].

=====(q) Accredit of monitoring bodies and certification bodies=====
SAs are tasked to carry out the accreditation of a body for monitoring of compliance with a code of conduct pursuant to [[Article 41 GDPR]] and a certification body pursuant to [[Article 43 GDPR]] on the basis of the requirements formulated under Article 57(1)(p) (see point (p) above).

For more information see also comments under [[Article 41 GDPR]] and [[Article 43 GDPR]].

=====(r) Authorise contractual clauses and provisions=====
Similarly, SAs are in charge of authorisation of contractual clauses and provisions referred to in [[Article 46 GDPR|Article 46(3) GDPR]] providing a legal basis for transfers of data to third countries (outside EU/EEA) or to international organisations.

See comment under [[Article 46 GDPR]].

=====(s) Approve binding corporate rules=====
This task concerns the role of SAs assigned to them by [[Article 47 GDPR]] with regard to binding corporate rules for internal transfers of data outside EU/EEA within one group of undertakings or group of enterprises engaged in a joint economic activity, which have to be approved by a SAs.  

See commentary to [[Article 47 GDPR]].

===== (t) Contribute to the activities of the EDPB=====

Pursuant to Article 57(1)(t) GDPR SAs contribute to the activities of the EDPB (''"the Board"''). The concept of contributions is to be understood comprehensively. It refers among other to the entire coherence procedure (Articles 63 to 66 GDPR), as well as to the numerous tasks of the EDPB.<ref>''Polenz'', in Simitis, Hornung, Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Datenschutzrecht, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 49 (Nomos 2019).</ref> EDPB's tasks are listed in [[Article 70 GDPR]] and include, in particular, the preparation and publication of opinions, guidelines, recommendations and best practices. The SAs should actively contribute to the fulfilment of these tasks. This concerns both the meetings of the EDPB itself and their preparation, in particular within the framework of expert subgroups.<ref>''Eichler,'' in Wolff, Brink, BeckOK Datenschutzrecht, Article 57 GDPR, margin numbers 36-37 (C.H. Beck 2021, 39th Edition)</ref>

The EDPB itself has the task of promoting cooperation and exchange between data protection supervisory authorities.<ref>''Selmayr'', in Ehmann, Selmayr, DS-GVO Kommentar, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 11 (2nd Edition, C.H. Beck 2018).</ref>

=====(u) Keep records of infringements=====
Furthermore, SAs have the task of keeping internal records of infringements of the GDPR and measures taken against controllers and processors under [[Article 58 GDPR|Article 58(2) GDPR]], which lays down corrective powers of SAs. The content of internal records is not further specified. It seems that a bullet point description of the infringements and the type of measures taken (e.g. warning, reprimand, orders, imposition of fines) would be sufficient. It is not mandatory to include the amount of fines imposed. The records can be used as a basis for the activity report ([[Article 59 GDPR]]) and for diverse advisory tasks of the SAs. It can also be used to make strategic decisions on the future direction of SA's activities, its effectiveness, cooperation with other SAs and to follow general developments.<ref>''Polenz'', in Simitis, Hornung, Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Datenschutzrecht, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 57 (Nomos 2019).</ref> 

=====(v) Fulfil other tasks=====

Finally, Article 57(1)(v) GDPR constitutes the residual provision for all “''other tasks related to the protection of personal data''”. The list of tasks is therefore not exhaustive and Member States can provide for further tasks in national law. However, these should be chosen carefully with a view to the respective financial resources and the already far-reaching tasks.<ref>''Boehm'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 24 (C.H. Beck 2020).</ref> An example of other tasks is the prior authorisation of data processing in the public interest if required under national law ([[Article 36 GDPR|Article 36(5) GDPR]] and [[Article 58 GDPR|Article 58(3)(c) GDPR]]).<ref>''Ziebarth,'' in Sydow, Marsch, DS-GVO/BDSG, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 66 (Nomos 2022).</ref>
====On its territory====
The wording (''"on its territory")'' is intended to clarify that the tasks of the supervisory authority do not extend beyond the territory of its Member State.<ref>''Ziebarth,'' in Sydow, Marsch, DS-GVO/BDSG, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 13 (Nomos 2022).</ref> 

=== (2) Submission of complaints to be facilitated ===
Article 57(2) GDPR provides for facilitation of the filing of a complaint on the formal side.<ref>''Polenz'', in Simitis, Hornung, Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Datenschutzrecht, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 52 (Nomos 2019).</ref> This means that the SA should be able to provide simple and intuitive solutions for uploading and filing the complaint as well as relevant attachments. The provision expressly mentions a “''complaint submission form''” which should be easy to understand and gain access to.<ref>''Eichler'', in Wolff/Brink, BeckOK DatenschutzR, Article 57 GDPR, margin numbers 41-43 (C.H. Beck 2021).</ref> The provision of a complaint form is a variant for making the submission of complaints unbureaucratic and simple. It can also make it easier for the SA to fulfil its tasks because it can use standardisation to make the complaints procedure more effective. The design of a complaints form can provide the complainant with instructions on how to complete the form, which makes the work of the SA easier and keeps the need for queries in limits. For example, it can be listed which information is required on the respondent and the subject of the complaint and which evidence, if any, may be relevant.<ref>''Polenz'', in Simitis, Hornung, Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Datenschutzrecht, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 52 (Nomos 2019).</ref> The provision, however, does not exclude “''other means of communications''”, such as the e-mail. In order to facilitate the filing, the SA’s IT systems should be able to receive the complaints with the least number of obstacles possible. It should allow the upload of the most commonly used file formats and avoid setting unreasonable restrictions on the amount of files that can be uploaded and their dimension.<ref>''Eichler'', in Wolff/Brink, BeckOK DatenschutzR, Article 57 GDPR, margin numbers 41-43 (C.H. Beck 2021).</ref>

Additionally, data subject's right to file a complaint and seek protection following an infringement of the GDPR is widely mentioned and protected throughout the GDPR. Data subjects are informed about the existence of the right to complaint ([[Article 12 GDPR|Article12(4) GDPR]] and [[Article 13 GDPR|Article 13(2)(d)(e) GDPR]]). The SAs deal with every complaint, investigating it to an appropriate extent and informing the complainant about the progress and result of the investigation (Article 57(1)(f) GDPR). Data subject can lodge a complaint with a SA of his choice ([[Article 77 GDPR]]).<ref>''Eichler'', in Wolff/Brink, BeckOK DatenschutzR, Article 57 GDPR, margin numbers 41-43 (C.H. Beck 2021).</ref>

{{Quote-CJEU|"[T]he obligation on the part of the supervisory authorities to facilitate the lodging of complaints, and the principle that the tasks they must perform are free of charge, laid down in Article 57(2) and (3) of the GDPR, are intended to enable any data subject to seek from a supervisory authority enforcement of the rights he or she derives from that regulation."|CJEU - C‑416/23 - Österreichische Datenschutzbehörde|39}}

===(3) Free of charge principle for data subjects===
The right to file a complaint is granted free of charge. This supports the idea of data protection as a fundamental right that must be enforced without undue hindrance by both controllers and SAs. On the other side, since controllers and processors are not mentioned, it seems reasonable to conclude that the SA may charge them with some fees for the performance of their tasks.<ref>''Selmayr'', in Ehmann, Selmayr, DS-GVO, Article 57, (C.H. Beck 2017). See also ''Polenz'', in Simitis, Hornung, Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Datenschutzrecht, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 53-55 (Nomos 2019).</ref> However, SAs should take into account that the performance of tasks free of charge, including where controllers and processors are involved, can encourage them to consult with the SA regarding their processing activities and thus contribute to GDPR-compliant processing.<ref>''Ziebarth,'' in Sydow, Marsch, DS-GVO/BDSG, Article 57 GDPR, margin numbers 71 and 72 (Nomos 2022).</ref>
===(4) Exception: manifestly unfounded or excessive requests===
Article 57(4) GDPR provides for an exception to the '''free of charge''<nowiki/>' principle and the SA's obligation to handle requests (e.g. complaints by data subjects), if the requests are manifestly unfounded or excessive, in particular if they are repetitive. In these cases, the SA may charge a reasonable fee or refuse to act on the request. Therefore, this provision reflects the general legal principle that EU law cannot be relied on for abusive or fraudulent ends.<ref>CJEU, Case C-416/23, Österreichische Datenschutzbehörde, 9 January 2025, margin number 49 (available [[CJEU - C‑416/23 - Österreichische Datenschutzbehörde|here]]). </ref>   

==== Requests ====
In the absence of a definition in the GDPR, the term 'request' is - in accordance with its usual meaning in everyday language - a very broad term that encompasses a wide variety of acts by which a person or entity asks for something. Specifically, complaints lodged under [[Article 77 GDPR|Article 77(1) GDPR]] fall within the meaning of a 'request'.<ref>CJEU, Case C-416/23, Österreichische Datenschutzbehörde, 9 January 2025, margin number 29 et seq. (available [[CJEU - C‑416/23 - Österreichische Datenschutzbehörde|here]]). </ref>   

==== manifestly unfounded or excessive ====
Neither 'manifestly unfounded' nor 'excessive' is defined in the GDPR and need to be interpreted in the light of their context and the objectives pursued by the the provision.<ref>compare CJEU, Case C-416/23, Österreichische Datenschutzbehörde, 9 January 2025, margin number 43 et seqq. (available [[CJEU - C‑416/23 - Österreichische Datenschutzbehörde|here]]). </ref>   

It should be noted that a large number of complaints by a single data subject does not make the respective numerous requests excessive. A data subject might file a large number of complaints because they were subject of numerous GDPR violations. Then all the complaints are justified and they cannot be considered excessive.<ref>CJEU, Case C-416/23, Österreichische Datenschutzbehörde, 9 January 2025, margin number 54 (available [[CJEU - C‑416/23 - Österreichische Datenschutzbehörde|here]]). </ref>  
{{Quote-example|A data subject might requests access under Article 15 GDPR from a number of controllers which process their personal data. If a vast amount of controller fail to accuratly respond to the access requests it is justified to file a fast amount of complaints under Article 77 GDPR against those controllers.}}
Therefore, in the case of complaints in accordance with Article 77 GDPR, the number of requests by a data subject is not a decisive factor in the assessment, whether a request is excessive - even if Article 57(4) specifically mentions the "repetitive character" of an request. Rather, a SA has to asses if the data subject has an ''abusive intention''. This could be the case if a data subject does not file complaints in order to obtain protection of their rights under the GDPR but with the intention to interfere with the proper functioning of the SA by taking up its resources. An indication of such a conduct would be that a data subject submits a vast amount of complaints against controllers, they have no connection to.<ref>CJEU, Case C-416/23, Österreichische Datenschutzbehörde, 9 January 2025, margin number 55 et seqq. (available [[CJEU - C‑416/23 - Österreichische Datenschutzbehörde|here]]). </ref>   
{{Quote-CJEU|"[W]here [a SA] seeks to make use of the possibility offered by Article 57(4) of the GDPR, the supervisory authority concerned must establish, having regard to all the relevant circumstances of each case, that there has been an abusive intention on the part of the person in question, the number of complaints made by that person being, in itself, insufficient. A finding of an abusive intention may be made if a person has lodged complaints in circumstances where it was not objectively necessary to do so in order to protect his or her rights under that regulation."|CJEU - C‑416/23 - Österreichische Datenschutzbehörde|50}}

==== Reasonable fee or refuse to act ====
In case of manifestly unfounded or excessive requests, the SA may charge a reasonable fee based on administrative costs, or refuse to act on the request. The wording of this provision suggests that there is no order between these two options and the SA can freely choose between these options.<ref>CJEU, Case C-416/23, Österreichische Datenschutzbehörde, 9 January 2025, margin number 61 (available [[CJEU - C‑416/23 - Österreichische Datenschutzbehörde|here]]). </ref> However, SAs should consider all the relevant circumstances and chose the option that is appropriate, necessary and proportionate.<ref>CJEU, Case C-416/23, Österreichische Datenschutzbehörde, 9 January 2025, margin number 67 (available [[CJEU - C‑416/23 - Österreichische Datenschutzbehörde|here]]).</ref> Specifically, the SA should consider, that the refusal to act on an request, generally, has a more severe consequence for the person making the request.
{{Quote-CJEU|"[T]he supervisory authorities could consider charging, initially, a reasonable fee based on administrative costs before subsequently refusing to act on the complaints, in so far as the first of those measures has less of an adverse effect on the rights that data subjects derive from that regulation than the second. That said, Article 57(4) of that regulation does not entail an obligation on the supervisory authority in all cases first to apply the option of charging a reasonable fee."|CJEU - C‑416/23 - Österreichische Datenschutzbehörde|69}}

==== Burden of demonstration ====
Article 57(4) GDPR aims to prevent the activity of a SA from being seriously impaired or even paralysed by troublemakers who make nonsensical or repeated requests. However, since the task of the SAs is to protect fundamental rights, this exception rule may only be used in clearly defined situations.<ref>''Selmayr'', in Ehmann, Selmayr, DS-GVO, Article 57, margin numbers 22-24 (C.H. Beck 2017); ''Körffer'', Paal, Pauly, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 57 GDPR, margin number 31, who also advocates a cautious application of the exception to the principle of free of charge.</ref> The above exception may limit the protection of the data subject's right to file a complaint. For this reason, Article 57(4) GDPR provides that the SA bears the burden of proof and must demonstrate that a request is manifestly unfounded or excessive.

==Decisions==
→ You can find all related decisions in [[:Category:Article 57 GDPR]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:GDPR Articles]]