Article 1 GDPR: Difference between revisions

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<br />'''Article 1: Subject-matter and objectives'''
<br />'''Article 1: Subject-matter and objectives'''


<span id="1">1. This Regulation lays down rules relating to the protection of natural persons with regard to the [[Article 4 GDPR#2|processing]] of [[Article 4 GDPR#2|personal data]] and rules relating to the free movement of personal data.</span>
<span id="1">1. This Regulation lays down rules relating to the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and rules relating to the free movement of personal data.</span>


<span id="2">2. This Regulation protects fundamental rights and freedoms of natural persons and in particular their right to the protection of personal data.</span>
<span id="2">2. This Regulation protects fundamental rights and freedoms of natural persons and in particular their right to the protection of personal data.</span>
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==Relevant Recitals==
==Relevant Recitals==
<span id="r1">
{{Recital/1 GDPR}}{{Recital/2 GDPR}}{{Recital/3 GDPR}}{{Recital/4 GDPR}}{{Recital/5 GDPR}}{{Recital/6 GDPR}}{{Recital/7 GDPR}}{{Recital/8 GDPR}}{{Recital/9 GDPR}}{{Recital/10 GDPR}}{{Recital/11 GDPR}}{{Recital/12 GDPR}}
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;"><div>'''Recital 1:''' Data Protection as a Fundamental Right</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
The protection of natural persons in relation to the processing of personal data is a fundamental right. Article 8(1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the ‘Charter’) and Article 16(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) provide that everyone has the right to the protection of personal data concerning him or her.
</div></div>


<span id="r2">
==Commentary==
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;"><div>'''Recital 2:''' Respect of the Fundamental Rights and Freedoms</div>
Article 1 GDPR draws a first general framework regarding the processing of personal data in Europe. Paragraph 1 defines the two main objectives of the Regulation which are, on the one hand, the protection of the individual's personal data and, on the other, the facilitation of the principle of the free movement of such data. Paragraph 2 enshrines the protection of the individual's fundamental rights and freedoms, especially if connected to their personal data. Finally, Paragraph 3 clarifies that the free movement of personal data may not be prohibited or restricted for reasons relating to the protection of personal data.
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
The principles of, and rules on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of their personal data should, whatever their nationality or residence, respect their fundamental rights and freedoms, in particular their right to the protection of personal data. This Regulation is intended to contribute to the accomplishment of an area of freedom, security and justice and of an economic union, to economic and social progress, to the strengthening and the convergence of the economies within the internal market, and to the well-being of natural persons.
</div></div>


<span id="r3">
===(1) Subject-Matter===
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;"><div>'''Recital 3:''' Directive 95/46/EC Harmonisation</div>
Article 1(1) establishes the GDPR's two main aims. From one side, it aims at protecting natural persons with regard to the processing of their personal data. On the other side, it recognizes the EU internal market interest in the free movement of such data.
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council¹ seeks to harmonise the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms of natural persons in respect of processing activities and to ensure the free flow of personal data between Member States.
</div></div>


<span id="r4">
==== Data protection or free flow of data? ====
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;"><div>'''Recital 4:''' Data Protection in Balance with Other Fundamental Rights</div>
It seems clear that, at least on some occasions, the right to the protection of personal data may conflict with other freedoms, not only individual freedoms, such as the free movement of personal data. Although there is no uniformity of views,<ref>''Scorza'', in Riccio, Scorza, Belisario, GDPR e normativa privacy - Commentario, Article 62 GDPR (Wolters Kluwer 2018).</ref> we feel we must adhere to the approach that gives the right to data protection prevalence over other interests that are also legally relevant.<ref>''Hornung et al,'' in Simitis, Hornung, Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Datenschutzrecht, Article 1 GDPR, margin number 28 (Beck 2019) (accessed 2 September 2021).</ref>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
The processing of personal data should be designed to serve mankind. The right to the protection of personal data is not an absolute right; it must be considered in relation to its function in society and be balanced against other fundamental rights, in accordance with the principle of proportionality. This Regulation respects all fundamental rights and observes the freedoms and principles recognised in the Charter as enshrined in the Treaties, in particular the respect for private and family life, home and communications, the protection of personal data, freedom of thought, conscience and religion, freedom of expression and information, freedom to conduct a business, the right to an effective remedy and to a fair trial, and cultural, religious and linguistic diversity.
</div></div>


<span id="r5">
In this regard, it has been convincingly noted that the fundamental rights of privacy, personality and data protection are to be classified as the backbone of the fundamental rights and freedoms of a free legal system and that there can be no freedom where the individual is not in control of their data, i.e. feels observed, tracked and continuously assessed.<ref>''Hornung et al'', in Simitis, Hornung, Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Datenschutzrecht, Article 1 GDPR, margin number 29 (Beck 2019) (accessed 2 September 2021).</ref> After all, Recital 4 itself clearly states that “''The processing of personal data should be designed to serve mankind''”, not the opposite.  
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;"><div>'''Recital 5:''' Cooperation Between Member States to Exchange Personal Data</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
The economic and social integration resulting from the functioning of the internal market has led to a substantial increase in cross-border flows of personal data. The exchange of personal data between public and private actors, including natural persons, associations and undertakings across the Union has increased. National authorities in the Member States are being called upon by Union law to cooperate and exchange personal data so as to be able to perform their duties or carry out tasks on behalf of an authority in another Member State.
</div></div>


<span id="r6">
These aims can function as guiding principles to interpreting the GDPR, together with the data processing principles established in [[Article 5 GDPR|Article 5]].<ref>''Hornung and Spiecker'' in Simitis, Hornung, Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Datenschutzrecht, Article 1 GDPR, margin number 1 (Beck 2019) (accessed 2 September 2021).</ref>
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;"><div>'''Recital 6:''' Ensuring a High Level of Data Protection Despite the Increased Exchange of Data</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
Rapid technological developments and globalisation have brought new challenges for the protection of personal data. The scale of the collection and sharing of personal data has increased significantly. Technology allows both private companies and public authorities to make use of personal data on an unprecedented scale in order to pursue their activities. Natural persons increasingly make personal information available publicly and globally. Technology has transformed both the economy and social life, and should further facilitate the free flow of personal data within the Union and the transfer to third countries and international organisations, while ensuring a high level of the protection of personal data.
</div></div>
 
<span id="r7">
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;"><div>'''Recital 7:''' The Framework is Based on Control and Certainty</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
Those developments require a strong and more coherent data protection framework in the Union, backed by strong enforcement, given the importance of creating the trust that will allow the digital economy to develop across the internal market. Natural persons should have control of their own personal data. Legal and practical certainty for natural persons, economic operators and public authorities should be enhanced.
</div></div>
 
<span id="r8">
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;"><div>'''Recital 8:''' Adoption into National Law</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
Where this Regulation provides for specifications or restrictions of its rules by Member State law, Member States may, as far as necessary for coherence and for making the national provisions comprehensible to the persons to whom they apply, incorporate elements of this Regulation into their national law.
</div></div>
 
<span id="r9">
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;"><div>'''Recital 9:''' Different Standards of Protection by the Directive 95/46/EC</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
The objectives and principles of Directive 95/46/EC remain sound, but it has not prevented fragmentation in the implementation of data protection across the Union, legal uncertainty or a widespread public perception that there are significant risks to the protection of natural persons, in particular with regard to online activity. Differences in the level of protection of the rights and freedoms of natural persons, in particular the right to the protection of personal data, with regard to the processing of personal data in the Member States may prevent the free flow of personal data throughout the Union. Those differences may therefore constitute an obstacle to the pursuit of economic activities at the level of the Union, distort competition and impede authorities in the discharge of their responsibilities under Union law. Such a difference in levels of protection is due to the existence of differences in the implementation and application of Directive 95/46/EC.
</div></div>
 
<span id="r10">
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;"><div>'''Recital 10:''' Harmonised Level of Data Protection Despite National Scope</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
In order to ensure a consistent and high level of protection of natural persons and to remove the obstacles to flows of personal data within the Union, the level of protection of the rights and freedoms of natural persons with regard to the processing of such data should be equivalent in all Member States. Consistent and homogenous application of the rules for the protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data should be ensured throughout the Union. Regarding the processing of personal data for compliance with a legal obligation, for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of official authority vested in the controller, Member States should be allowed to maintain or introduce national provisions to further specify the application of the rules of this Regulation. In conjunction with the general and horizontal law on data protection implementing Directive 95/46/EC, Member States have several sector-specific laws in areas that need more specific provisions. This Regulation also provides a margin of manoeuvre for Member States to specify its rules, including for the processing of special categories of personal data (‘sensitive data’). To that extent, this Regulation does not exclude Member State law that sets out the circumstances for specific processing situations, including determining more precisely the conditions under which the processing of personal data is lawful.
</div></div>
 
<span id="r11">
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;"><div>'''Recital 11:''' Harmonisation of the Powers and Sanctions</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
Effective protection of personal data throughout the Union requires the strengthening and setting out in detail of the rights of data subjects and the obligations of those who process and determine the processing of personal data, as well as equivalent powers for monitoring and ensuring compliance with the rules for the protection of personal data and equivalent sanctions for infringements in the Member States.
</div></div>
 
<span id="r12">
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;"><div>'''Recital 12:''' Authorization of the European Parliament and the Council</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
Article 16(2) TFEU mandates the European Parliament and the Council to lay down the rules relating to the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and the rules relating to the free movement of personal data.
</div></div>
 
==Commentary==
===(1) Subject-matte===
The GDPR has two main aims: (i) the protection of natural persons with regard to the [[Article 4 GDPR#2|processing]] of their [[Article 4 GDPR#1|personal data]], and (ii) the free movement of personal data. It can therefore function as a guiding principle to the interpretation of the GDPR together with the principles found in [[Article 5 GDPR|Article 5]].


It follows from the definition of personal data (→ see [[Article 4 GDPR|Article 4]]) that the GDPR applies to the processing of data concerning "natural persons". Processing data concerning a business normally falls outside the scope of the GDPR.
==== Natural persons ====
Article 1(1) also clarifies that the GDPR applies to the processing of personal data concerning ''natural'' persons. It follows that the Regulation does not apply to the processing of data belonging to companies or other legal entities. Non-EU citizens can rely on the GDPR as its application is independent of nationality or place of residence (see, Recital 2).


===(2) Protecting fundamental rights===
===(2) Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms ===
The right to the protection of personal data is specifically mentioned in paragraph 2. This general statement is operationalized in the more specific articles throughout GDPR, for example in [[Article 35 GDPR|Article 35]], which lays down the obligation to conduct a Data Protection Impact Assement. The obligation to implement adequate technical safeguards to protect personal data can be found in [[Article 32 GDPR|Article 32]]. The rights provided in Chapter III can also be seen as a prerequisite for natural persons to ensure that their fundamental rights are being respected.
The wording of Article 1(2) offers interesting insights into the protective scope of the GDPR. Indeed, according to this provision, the Regulation protects – in general – the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual as well as – “''in particular''” - the right to the protection of personal data. Therefore, the provisions of the GDPR on the protection of personal data seem to have two objectives.  


====Fundamental rights====
On the one side, they “simply” protect personal data, as it happens, for instance, in Article 35, which lays down the obligation to conduct a Data Protection Impact Assessment, or in Article 32 which stipulates the obligation to implement adequate technical and organizational safeguards regarding the processing. At the same time, though, the very same rules seem to be aimed at protecting other “''fundamental rights and freedoms''”.<ref>''Hornung and Spiecker'' in Simitis, Hornung, Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Datenschutzrecht, Article 1 GDPR, margin number 36 (Beck 2019) (accessed 2 September 2021).</ref>


The fundamental rights of a natural person to the protection of their personal data can be found in Article 8 EU Charter of Fundamental Rights<ref>https://fra.europa.eu/en/charterpedia/article/8-protection-personal-data</ref> and Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights.<ref>https://echr.coe.int/Documents/Convention_ENG.pdf</ref>  
The list of fundamental rights and freedoms protected by the GDPR is not defined. Certainly, reference can be made to the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (“the Charter”). The Charter, which is EU primary law, provides in Article 8(1) for “''the right to the protection of personal data''” of a natural person. Some requirements to the processing of this data follow from Article 8(2) of the Charter, which explicitly mentions the principles of fairness and purpose limitation,<ref>The impact of the Charter on the drafting of the GDPR can be observed from the changes made to the draft version of Article 6(4) GDPR following criticism from the Working Party 29. The Council had proposed that a controller could further process data, even if the purpose of the processing was incompatible with the original purpose, as long as the controller had an overriding interest – something the Working Party 29 objected to by pointing out that the principle of purpose limitation is part of primary law. See, Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, "Press release on Chapter II of the draft regulation for the March JHA Council", ''Press Release'', 17 March 2015 (available [https://ec.europa.eu/justice/article-29/press-material/press-release/art29_press_material/2015/20150317__wp29_press_release_on_on_chapter_ii_of_the_draft_regulation_for_the_march_jha_council.pdf here])</ref> as well as states that processing must be pursuant to a lawful basis such as consent. Another essential reference seems to be Article 7 of the Charter, which concerns the right to respect for “''private and family life''” and “''communications''”. 


The Charter, which is primary law, provides in Article 8(1) for “the right to the protection of personal data” of a natural person.  
However, the fundamental rights and freedoms enshrined in Articles 7 and 8 of the Charter do not appear to be the only interests protected by the GDPR. Indeed, processing operations are able to impact on other fundamental rights such as the right right of personality, freedom of expression, freedom of information, freedom of communication, the right of assembly, freedom of religion and other anti-discrimination rights.<ref>''Hornung and Spiecker'' in Simitis, Hornung, Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Datenschutzrecht, Article 1 GDPR, margin number 40 (Beck 2019) (accessed 3 September 2021).</ref>


Some requirements to the processing of this data follows from Article 8(2) EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, where the principles of fairness and purpose limitation are explicitly mentioned, and that the processing must be pursuant to a lawful basis, for instance consent.  
===(3) Free Movement of Personal Data===
Under Article 1(3) GDPR, the free movement of personal data within the Union shall be neither restricted nor prohibited for reasons connected with the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data.  


The importance of the Charter on the drafting of the GDPR can be observed from the changes made to the draft version of [[Article 6 GDPR#4|Article 6(4)]] following criticism from the Article 29 WP. The Council had proposed that a [[Article 4 GDPR#7|controller]] could further process data, even if the purpose of the processing was incompatible with the original purpose, as long as the controller had an overriding interest – something the Article 29 WP objected to by pointing out that the [[Article 5 GDPR#1b|principle of purpose limitation]] is part of primary law. <ref>Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, [https://ec.europa.eu/justice/article-29/press-material/press-release/art29_press_material/2015/20150317__wp29_press_release_on_on_chapter_ii_of_the_draft_regulation_for_the_march_jha_council.pdf "Press release on Chapter II of the draft regulation for the March JHA Council"], ''Press Release'', 17 March 2015</ref>
This provision accepts that processing of personal data may be essential for certain economic activities and therefore becomes relevant to the functioning of the EU internal market, understood as an area of free trade of goods, services and capital. Consequently, the rule seems to say, where the use of personal data gives rise to the offer of a service, the data protection regulations cannot lead to a limitation in the provision of that service.


Data protection pursuant to Article 8 EU Charter is closely connected to Article 7 EU Charter, which concerns the right to respect for “private and family life” and “communications”.
A particularly rigid reading of such provision could open the door to a proprietary conception of personal data. However, such an approach seems dogmatically incorrect, not only because our identity is not tradeable but also because it seems to conflict with the very logic of the GDPR, whose main purpose is precisely to control and eventually block the unconditional use of personal data. Indeed, all the provisions on the principles of processing (transparency, minimisation, fairness), legal bases, the rights of the data subject and the various obligations related to the security of processing seem to be unequivocally going in this direction.


''See also [[Article 1 GDPR#r1|Recital 1]]''
Let us assume that a controller located in one European country X decides to outsource, under Article 28 GDPR, part of the processing to a processor located in another Member State. After a technical assessment, the controller concludes that the processor is unable to provide “''sufficient safeguards to implement appropriate technical and organisational measures''”. The transfer of data in this case will not take place precisely for reasons related to data protection law. In this sense, the text of Article 1(3) GDPR does not seem sufficiently precise.


→ ''See also [[Article 1 GDPR#r2|Recital 2]]''
It is therefore necessary to provide in paragraph 3 a systematic interpretation in the light of which the free movement of personal data cannot be limited or restricted outside the cases expressly provided for by the GDPR and any other applicable European or national law.


===(3) Free movement of personal data===
Article 1(3) also facilitates the harmonization of data protection across EU, as well as Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway as part of the European Economic Area (EEA). Restrictions to transfers to non-EU/EEA countries (third countries) follow from Chapter V GDPR.
The free movement of personal data reflects the purpose of European integration. It recognizes that personal data is part of the European single market. Article 1(3) is thus in line with the free movement of goods, capital, services and labour within the EU. Article 1(3) reflects the harmonization of data protection across EU, as well as Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway as part of the European Economic Area (EEA). Restrictions to transfers to non-EU/EEA countries (third countries) follow from Chapter V.


==Decisions==
==Decisions==

Revision as of 15:02, 15 September 2021

Article 1: Subject-matter and objectives
Gdpricon.png
Chapter 10: Delegated and implementing acts

Legal Text


Article 1: Subject-matter and objectives

1. This Regulation lays down rules relating to the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and rules relating to the free movement of personal data.

2. This Regulation protects fundamental rights and freedoms of natural persons and in particular their right to the protection of personal data.

3. The free movement of personal data within the Union shall be neither restricted nor prohibited for reasons connected with the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data.

Relevant Recitals

Recital 1: The Right to Data Protection as a Fundamental Right
The protection of natural persons in relation to the processing of personal data is a fundamental right. Article 8(1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the ‘Charter’) and Article 16(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) provide that everyone has the right to the protection of personal data concerning him or her.

Recital 2: Respect of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
The principles of, and rules on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of their personal data should, whatever their nationality or residence, respect their fundamental rights and freedoms, in particular their right to the protection of personal data. This Regulation is intended to contribute to the accomplishment of an area of freedom, security and justice and of an economic union, to economic and social progress, to the strengthening and the convergence of the economies within the internal market, and to the well-being of natural persons.

Recital 3: Directive 95/46/EC Harmonisation Goal
Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council seeks to harmonise the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms of natural persons in respect of processing activities and to ensure the free flow of personal data between Member States.

Recital 4: Balance Against Other Fundamental Rights
The processing of personal data should be designed to serve mankind. The right to the protection of personal data is not an absolute right; it must be considered in relation to its function in society and be balanced against other fundamental rights, in accordance with the principle of proportionality. This Regulation respects all fundamental rights and observes the freedoms and principles recognised in the Charter as enshrined in the Treaties, in particular the respect for private and family life, home and communications, the protection of personal data, freedom of thought, conscience and religion, freedom of expression and information, freedom to conduct a business, the right to an effective remedy and to a fair trial, and cultural, religious and linguistic diversity.

Recital 5: Cross-Border Cooperation for the Exchange of Personal Data
The economic and social integration resulting from the functioning of the internal market has led to a substantial increase in cross-border flows of personal data. The exchange of personal data between public and private actors, including natural persons, associations and undertakings across the Union has increased. National authorities in the Member States are being called upon by Union law to cooperate and exchange personal data so as to be able to perform their duties or carry out tasks on behalf of an authority in another Member State.

Recital 6: Technological Transformation to Ensure a High Level of Protection
Rapid technological developments and globalisation have brought new challenges for the protection of personal data. The scale of the collection and sharing of personal data has increased significantly. Technology allows both private companies and public authorities to make use of personal data on an unprecedented scale in order to pursue their activities. Natural persons increasingly make personal information available publicly and globally. Technology has transformed both the economy and social life, and should further facilitate the free flow of personal data within the Union and the transfer to third countries and international organisations, while ensuring a high level of the protection of personal data.

Recital 7: Control Over Own Personal Data
Those developments require a strong and more coherent data protection framework in the Union, backed by strong enforcement, given the importance of creating the trust that will allow the digital economy to develop across the internal market. Natural persons should have control of their own personal data. Legal and practical certainty for natural persons, economic operators and public authorities should be enhanced.

Recital 8: National Implementation
Where this Regulation provides for specifications or restrictions of its rules by Member State law, Member States may, as far as necessary for coherence and for making the national provisions comprehensible to the persons to whom they apply, incorporate elements of this Regulation into their national law.

Recital 9: Fragmentation under Directive 95/46/EC
The objectives and principles of Directive 95/46/EC remain sound, but it has not prevented fragmentation in the implementation of data protection across the Union, legal uncertainty or a widespread public perception that there are significant risks to the protection of natural persons, in particular with regard to online activity. Differences in the level of protection of the rights and freedoms of natural persons, in particular the right to the protection of personal data, with regard to the processing of personal data in the Member States may prevent the free flow of personal data throughout the Union. Those differences may therefore constitute an obstacle to the pursuit of economic activities at the level of the Union, distort competition and impede authorities in the discharge of their responsibilities under Union law. Such a difference in levels of protection is due to the existence of differences in the implementation and application of Directive 95/46/EC.

Recital 10: Equivalent Level of Protection and Homogeneous Application
In order to ensure a consistent and high level of protection of natural persons and to remove the obstacles to flows of personal data within the Union, the level of protection of the rights and freedoms of natural persons with regard to the processing of such data should be equivalent in all Member States. Consistent and homogenous application of the rules for the protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data should be ensured throughout the Union. Regarding the processing of personal data for compliance with a legal obligation, for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of official authority vested in the controller, Member States should be allowed to maintain or introduce national provisions to further specify the application of the rules of this Regulation. In conjunction with the general and horizontal law on data protection implementing Directive 95/46/EC, Member States have several sector-specific laws in areas that need more specific provisions. This Regulation also provides a margin of manoeuvre for Member States to specify its rules, including for the processing of special categories of personal data (‘sensitive data’). To that extent, this Regulation does not exclude Member State law that sets out the circumstances for specific processing situations, including determining more precisely the conditions under which the processing of personal data is lawful.

Recital 11: Strengthening of Rights and Enforcement
Effective protection of personal data throughout the Union requires the strengthening and setting out in detail of the rights of data subjects and the obligations of those who process and determine the processing of personal data, as well as equivalent powers for monitoring and ensuring compliance with the rules for the protection of personal data and equivalent sanctions for infringements in the Member States.

Recital 12: Article 16(2) TFEU Mandate
Article 16(2) TFEU mandates the European Parliament and the Council to lay down the rules relating to the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and the rules relating to the free movement of personal data.

Commentary

Article 1 GDPR draws a first general framework regarding the processing of personal data in Europe. Paragraph 1 defines the two main objectives of the Regulation which are, on the one hand, the protection of the individual's personal data and, on the other, the facilitation of the principle of the free movement of such data. Paragraph 2 enshrines the protection of the individual's fundamental rights and freedoms, especially if connected to their personal data. Finally, Paragraph 3 clarifies that the free movement of personal data may not be prohibited or restricted for reasons relating to the protection of personal data.

(1) Subject-Matter

Article 1(1) establishes the GDPR's two main aims. From one side, it aims at protecting natural persons with regard to the processing of their personal data. On the other side, it recognizes the EU internal market interest in the free movement of such data.

Data protection or free flow of data?

It seems clear that, at least on some occasions, the right to the protection of personal data may conflict with other freedoms, not only individual freedoms, such as the free movement of personal data. Although there is no uniformity of views,[1] we feel we must adhere to the approach that gives the right to data protection prevalence over other interests that are also legally relevant.[2]

In this regard, it has been convincingly noted that the fundamental rights of privacy, personality and data protection are to be classified as the backbone of the fundamental rights and freedoms of a free legal system and that there can be no freedom where the individual is not in control of their data, i.e. feels observed, tracked and continuously assessed.[3] After all, Recital 4 itself clearly states that “The processing of personal data should be designed to serve mankind”, not the opposite.

These aims can function as guiding principles to interpreting the GDPR, together with the data processing principles established in Article 5.[4]

Natural persons

Article 1(1) also clarifies that the GDPR applies to the processing of personal data concerning natural persons. It follows that the Regulation does not apply to the processing of data belonging to companies or other legal entities. Non-EU citizens can rely on the GDPR as its application is independent of nationality or place of residence (see, Recital 2).

(2) Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms

The wording of Article 1(2) offers interesting insights into the protective scope of the GDPR. Indeed, according to this provision, the Regulation protects – in general – the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual as well as – “in particular” - the right to the protection of personal data. Therefore, the provisions of the GDPR on the protection of personal data seem to have two objectives.

On the one side, they “simply” protect personal data, as it happens, for instance, in Article 35, which lays down the obligation to conduct a Data Protection Impact Assessment, or in Article 32 which stipulates the obligation to implement adequate technical and organizational safeguards regarding the processing. At the same time, though, the very same rules seem to be aimed at protecting other “fundamental rights and freedoms”.[5]

The list of fundamental rights and freedoms protected by the GDPR is not defined. Certainly, reference can be made to the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (“the Charter”). The Charter, which is EU primary law, provides in Article 8(1) for “the right to the protection of personal data” of a natural person. Some requirements to the processing of this data follow from Article 8(2) of the Charter, which explicitly mentions the principles of fairness and purpose limitation,[6] as well as states that processing must be pursuant to a lawful basis such as consent. Another essential reference seems to be Article 7 of the Charter, which concerns the right to respect for “private and family life” and “communications”.

However, the fundamental rights and freedoms enshrined in Articles 7 and 8 of the Charter do not appear to be the only interests protected by the GDPR. Indeed, processing operations are able to impact on other fundamental rights such as the right right of personality, freedom of expression, freedom of information, freedom of communication, the right of assembly, freedom of religion and other anti-discrimination rights.[7]

(3) Free Movement of Personal Data

Under Article 1(3) GDPR, the free movement of personal data within the Union shall be neither restricted nor prohibited for reasons connected with the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data.

This provision accepts that processing of personal data may be essential for certain economic activities and therefore becomes relevant to the functioning of the EU internal market, understood as an area of free trade of goods, services and capital. Consequently, the rule seems to say, where the use of personal data gives rise to the offer of a service, the data protection regulations cannot lead to a limitation in the provision of that service.

A particularly rigid reading of such provision could open the door to a proprietary conception of personal data. However, such an approach seems dogmatically incorrect, not only because our identity is not tradeable but also because it seems to conflict with the very logic of the GDPR, whose main purpose is precisely to control and eventually block the unconditional use of personal data. Indeed, all the provisions on the principles of processing (transparency, minimisation, fairness), legal bases, the rights of the data subject and the various obligations related to the security of processing seem to be unequivocally going in this direction.

Let us assume that a controller located in one European country X decides to outsource, under Article 28 GDPR, part of the processing to a processor located in another Member State. After a technical assessment, the controller concludes that the processor is unable to provide “sufficient safeguards to implement appropriate technical and organisational measures”. The transfer of data in this case will not take place precisely for reasons related to data protection law. In this sense, the text of Article 1(3) GDPR does not seem sufficiently precise.

It is therefore necessary to provide in paragraph 3 a systematic interpretation in the light of which the free movement of personal data cannot be limited or restricted outside the cases expressly provided for by the GDPR and any other applicable European or national law.

Article 1(3) also facilitates the harmonization of data protection across EU, as well as Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway as part of the European Economic Area (EEA). Restrictions to transfers to non-EU/EEA countries (third countries) follow from Chapter V GDPR.

Decisions

→ You can find all related decisions in Category:Article 1 GDPR

References

  1. Scorza, in Riccio, Scorza, Belisario, GDPR e normativa privacy - Commentario, Article 62 GDPR (Wolters Kluwer 2018).
  2. Hornung et al, in Simitis, Hornung, Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Datenschutzrecht, Article 1 GDPR, margin number 28 (Beck 2019) (accessed 2 September 2021).
  3. Hornung et al, in Simitis, Hornung, Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Datenschutzrecht, Article 1 GDPR, margin number 29 (Beck 2019) (accessed 2 September 2021).
  4. Hornung and Spiecker in Simitis, Hornung, Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Datenschutzrecht, Article 1 GDPR, margin number 1 (Beck 2019) (accessed 2 September 2021).
  5. Hornung and Spiecker in Simitis, Hornung, Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Datenschutzrecht, Article 1 GDPR, margin number 36 (Beck 2019) (accessed 2 September 2021).
  6. The impact of the Charter on the drafting of the GDPR can be observed from the changes made to the draft version of Article 6(4) GDPR following criticism from the Working Party 29. The Council had proposed that a controller could further process data, even if the purpose of the processing was incompatible with the original purpose, as long as the controller had an overriding interest – something the Working Party 29 objected to by pointing out that the principle of purpose limitation is part of primary law. See, Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, "Press release on Chapter II of the draft regulation for the March JHA Council", Press Release, 17 March 2015 (available here)
  7. Hornung and Spiecker in Simitis, Hornung, Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Datenschutzrecht, Article 1 GDPR, margin number 40 (Beck 2019) (accessed 3 September 2021).