Article 38 GDPR: Difference between revisions

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==Relevant Recitals==
==Relevant Recitals==
<span id="r97">
{{Recital/97 GDPR}}
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;"><div>'''Recital 97''' </div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
Where the processing is carried out by a public authority, except for courts or independent judicial authorities when acting in their judicial capacity, where, in the private sector, processing is carried out by a controller whose core activities consist of processing operations that require regular and systematic monitoring of the data subjects on a large-scale, or where the core activities of the controller or the processor consist of processing on a large-scale of special categories of personal data and data relating to criminal convictions and offences, a person with expert knowledge of data protection law and practices should assist the controller or processor to monitor internal compliance with this Regulation. In the private sector, the core activities of a controller relate to its primary activities and do not relate to the processing of personal data as ancillary activities. The necessary level of expert knowledge should be determined in particular according to the data processing operations carried out and the protection required for the personal data processed by the controller or the processor. Such data protection officers, whether or not they are an employee of the controller, should be in a position to perform their duties and tasks in an independent manner.
</div></div>


==Commentary==
==Commentary==


=== Overview ===
=== Overview ===
While it brings a novel element, the data protection officer (DPO) role draws inspiration from [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32001R0045 Regulation 45/2001], which foresaw similar position for European Union institutions, bodies, and agencies. Indeed, the GDPR’s DPO position shows many common elements with the [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32001R0045 Regulation 45/2001].<ref>''Alvarez Rigaudias, Spina'', in Kuner et al., The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), Article 38 GDPR, p. 702 (Oxford University Press 2020).</ref> In addition, although [[Directive 95/46/EC]] did not require organisations to appoint a DPO, this nevertheless became an increasingly widespread practice in some Member States.<ref>WP29, ''Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (“DPOs”)''”, WP 243 rev.01, 5 April 2017, p. 4 (available [https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/just/document.cfm?doc_id=44100 here]).</ref>  
While it brings a novel element, the data protection officer (DPO) role draws inspiration from [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32001R0045 Regulation 45/2001], which foresaw similar position for European Union institutions, bodies, and agencies. Indeed, the GDPR’s DPO position shows many common elements with the [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32001R0045 Regulation 45/2001].<ref>''Alvarez Rigaudias, Spina'', in Kuner et al., The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), Article 38 GDPR, p. 702 (Oxford University Press 2020).</ref> In addition, although [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:31995L0046 Directive 95/46/EC] did not require organisations to appoint a DPO, this nevertheless became an increasingly widespread practice in some Member States.<ref>WP29, ''Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (“DPOs”)''”, WP 243 rev.01, 5 April 2017, p. 4 (available [https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/just/document.cfm?doc_id=44100 here]).</ref>  


=== The Role of the DPO in the Organisation ===
=== The Role of the DPO in the Organisation ===
According to Article 38(1) GDPR, the DPO must be involved in a timely manner in all issues which relate to the protection of personal data. In this context, a timely manner would be the earliest possible stage, ideally at the stage of conceptualising the processing operation.<ref>For example, this could be the design and development of a product, as well as the creation of a new service or modification of an existing one by adding new features.</ref> In any case, the DPO should be involved at a stage when fundamental decisions can still be made.<ref>''Bergt'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Art. 38 GDPR, margin number 14 (C.H. Beck 2020).</ref> Among others, the early involvement is also necessary in order to adequately conduct a Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) and facilitate a privacy by design approach.<ref>WP29, ''Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (“DPOs”)''”, WP 243 rev.01, 5 April 2017, p. 13 (available [https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/just/document.cfm?doc_id=44100 here]).</ref>
According to Article 38(1) GDPR, the DPO must be involved in a timely manner in all issues which relate to the protection of personal data. In this context, a timely manner would be the earliest possible stage, ideally at the stage of conceptualising the processing operation.<ref>For example, this could be the design and development of a product, as well as the creation of a new service or modification of an existing one by adding new features.</ref> In any case, the DPO should be involved at a stage when fundamental decisions can still be made.<ref>''Bergt'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 38 GDPR, margin number 14 (C.H. Beck 2020).</ref> Among others, the early involvement is also necessary in order to adequately conduct a Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) and facilitate a privacy by design approach.<ref>WP29, ''Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (“DPOs”)''”, WP 243 rev.01, 5 April 2017, p. 13 (available [https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/just/document.cfm?doc_id=44100 here]).</ref>


DPOs should also be regularly involved in management meetings, and opinions of the DPO should be given due weight.<ref>WP29, ''Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (“DPOs”)''”, WP 243 rev.01, 5 April 2017, p. 14 (available [https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/just/document.cfm?doc_id=44100 here]).</ref> In case management disagrees with the DPO’s opinions, the Article 29 Working Party recommended documenting the reasons for not following the DPO’s position.<ref>WP29, ''Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (“DPOs”)''”, WP 243 rev.01, 5 April 2017, p. 14 (available [https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/just/document.cfm?doc_id=44100 here]).</ref> Indeed, this best practice seems highly important for implementing the principle of accountability. In any case, the DPO will not be held personally liable based on the GDPR for the non-compliance of the organisation.<ref>WP29, ''Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (“DPOs”)''”, WP 243 rev.01, 5 April 2017, p. 13 (available [https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/just/document.cfm?doc_id=44100 here]); see also ''Alvarez Rigaudias, Spina'', in Kuner et al., The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), Article 38 GDPR, p. 702 (Oxford University Press 2020); as well as Articles 5(2) GDPR and 24(1) GDPR.</ref>
DPOs should also be regularly involved in management meetings, and opinions of the DPO should be given due weight.<ref>WP29, ''Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (“DPOs”)''”, WP 243 rev.01, 5 April 2017, p. 14 (available [https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/just/document.cfm?doc_id=44100 here]).</ref> In case management disagrees with the DPO’s opinions, the Article 29 Working Party recommended documenting the reasons for not following the DPO’s position.<ref>WP29, ''Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (“DPOs”)''”, WP 243 rev.01, 5 April 2017, p. 14 (available [https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/just/document.cfm?doc_id=44100 here]).</ref> Indeed, this best practice seems highly important for implementing the principle of accountability. In any case, the DPO will not be held personally liable based on the GDPR for the non-compliance of the organisation.<ref>WP29, ''Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (“DPOs”)''”, WP 243 rev.01, 5 April 2017, p. 13 (available [https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/just/document.cfm?doc_id=44100 here]); see also ''Alvarez Rigaudias, Spina'', in Kuner et al., The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), Article 38 GDPR, p. 702 (Oxford University Press 2020); as well as Articles 5(2) GDPR and 24(1) GDPR.</ref>


As reflected in Article 38(2) GDPR, the DPO must be provided with all necessary resources to carry out his or her tasks, including by having access to personal data and processing operations. Member States cannot limit the controlling competences of the DPO.<ref>''Bergt'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Art. 38 GDPR, margin number 18 (C.H. Beck 2020).</ref> In addition, the DPO must be allowed to enter all premises where personal data is or may be processed, including on the premises of data processors.<ref>''Bergt'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Art. 38 GDPR, margin number 20 (C.H. Beck 2020).</ref>
As reflected in Article 38(2) GDPR, the DPO must be provided with all necessary resources to carry out his or her tasks, including by having access to personal data and processing operations. Member States cannot limit the controlling competences of the DPO.<ref>''Bergt'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 38 GDPR, margin number 18 (C.H. Beck 2020).</ref> In addition, the DPO must be allowed to enter all premises where personal data is or may be processed, including on the premises of data processors.<ref>''Bergt'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 38 GDPR, margin number 20 (C.H. Beck 2020).</ref>


=== Independence and Confidentiality ===
=== Independence and Confidentiality ===
According to Article 38(3) GDPR, the DPO’s independence in the organisation must be guaranteed by the controller or processor. In particular, the DPO may not receive any instructions regarding his or her tasks, and may not be dismissed or sanctioned for performing his tasks. This extends to the personnel working under the DPO, which should only receive substantive directions from the DPO and not from the management of the organisation.<ref>''Bergt'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Art. 38 GDPR, margin number 26 (C.H. Beck 2020).</ref> Regarding the penalties or sanctions related to exercising the DPO’s functions, a broad interpretation must be followed. For example, the DPO may not suffer disadvantages in the form of threats, absence or delay of promotion, or denial from benefits which other employees receive.<ref>WP29, ''Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (“DPOs”)''”, WP 243 rev.01, 5 April 2017, p. 15 (available [https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/just/document.cfm?doc_id=44100 here]).</ref>  
According to Article 38(3) GDPR, the DPO’s independence in the organisation must be guaranteed by the controller or processor. In particular, the DPO may not receive any instructions regarding his or her tasks, and may not be dismissed or sanctioned for performing his tasks. This extends to the personnel working under the DPO, which should only receive substantive directions from the DPO and not from the management of the organisation.<ref>''Bergt'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 38 GDPR, margin number 26 (C.H. Beck 2020).</ref> Regarding the penalties or sanctions related to exercising the DPO’s functions, a broad interpretation must be followed. For example, the DPO may not suffer disadvantages in the form of threats, absence or delay of promotion, or denial from benefits which other employees receive.<ref>WP29, ''Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (“DPOs”)''”, WP 243 rev.01, 5 April 2017, p. 15 (available [https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/just/document.cfm?doc_id=44100 here]).</ref>  


Regarding the confidentiality requirements of Article 38(5) GDPR, it is worth emphasising that the “obligation of secrecy/confidentiality does not prohibit the DPO from contacting and seeking advice from the supervisory authority”.<ref>WP29, ''Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (“DPOs”)''”, WP 243 rev.01, 5 April 2017, p. 13 (available [https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/just/document.cfm?doc_id=44100 here]).</ref> Furthermore, Member States have the possibility to regulate and limit the confidentiality requirements on a national level, as well as the legal consequences of breaching these requirements.<ref>[[Article 35 GDPR|Article 35(3) GDPR]].</ref>
Regarding the confidentiality requirements of Article 38(5) GDPR, it is worth emphasising that the “obligation of secrecy/confidentiality does not prohibit the DPO from contacting and seeking advice from the supervisory authority”.<ref>WP29, ''Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (“DPOs”)''”, WP 243 rev.01, 5 April 2017, p. 13 (available [https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/just/document.cfm?doc_id=44100 here]).</ref> Furthermore, Member States have the possibility to regulate and limit the confidentiality requirements on a national level, as well as the legal consequences of breaching these requirements.<ref>[[Article 35 GDPR|Article 35(3) GDPR]].</ref>


=== Conflicts of Interest ===
=== Conflicts of Interest ===
Tightly connected to the independence requirement is Article 38(6) GDPR which emphasises that while the DPO may fulfill other tasks and duties, these shall not result in a conflict of interest. When interpreting this requirement, the WP29 stated that the DPO may not hold positions which result in determining the purposes and means of the processing.<ref>WP29, ''Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (“DPOs”)''”, WP 243 rev.01, 5 April 2017, p. 16 (available [https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/just/document.cfm?doc_id=44100 here]).</ref> Examples of such conflicting positions could be “senior management positions (such as chief executive, chief operating, chief financial, chief medical officer, head of marketing department, head of Human Resources or head of IT departments) but also other roles lower down in the organisational structure if such positions or roles lead to the determination of purposes and means of processing”.<ref>WP29, ''Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (“DPOs”)''”, WP 243 rev.01, 5 April 2017, p. 16 (available [https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/just/document.cfm?doc_id=44100 here]).</ref> Some commentators also interpreted a direct economic interest of the DPO in the success of the company as a possible indicator of a conflict of interest.<ref>''Bergt'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Art. 38 GDPR, margin number 41 (C.H. Beck 2020).</ref>
Tightly connected to the independence requirement is Article 38(6) GDPR which emphasises that while the DPO may fulfill other tasks and duties, these shall not result in a conflict of interest. When interpreting this requirement, the WP29 stated that the DPO may not hold positions which result in determining the purposes and means of the processing.<ref>WP29, ''Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (“DPOs”)''”, WP 243 rev.01, 5 April 2017, p. 16 (available [https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/just/document.cfm?doc_id=44100 here]).</ref> Examples of such conflicting positions could be “senior management positions (such as chief executive, chief operating, chief financial, chief medical officer, head of marketing department, head of Human Resources or head of IT departments) but also other roles lower down in the organisational structure if such positions or roles lead to the determination of purposes and means of processing”.<ref>WP29, ''Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (“DPOs”)''”, WP 243 rev.01, 5 April 2017, p. 16 (available [https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/just/document.cfm?doc_id=44100 here]).</ref> Some commentators also interpreted a direct economic interest of the DPO in the success of the company as a possible indicator of a conflict of interest.<ref>''Bergt'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 38 GDPR, margin number 41 (C.H. Beck 2020).</ref>
==Decisions==
==Decisions==
→ You can find all related decisions in [[:Category:Article 38 GDPR]]
→ You can find all related decisions in [[:Category:Article 38 GDPR]]

Revision as of 09:48, 10 September 2021

Article 38 - Position of the data protection officer
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Chapter 10: Delegated and implementing acts

Legal Text


Article 38 - Position of the data protection officer


1. The controller and the processor shall ensure that the data protection officer is involved, properly and in a timely manner, in all issues which relate to the protection of personal data.

2. The controller and processor shall support the data protection officer in performing the tasks referred to in Article 39 by providing resources necessary to carry out those tasks and access to personal data and processing operations, and to maintain his or her expert knowledge.

3. The controller and processor shall ensure that the data protection officer does not receive any instructions regarding the exercise of those tasks. He or she shall not be dismissed or penalised by the controller or the processor for performing his tasks. The data protection officer shall directly report to the highest management level of the controller or the processor.

4. Data subjects may contact the data protection officer with regard to all issues related to processing of their personal data and to the exercise of their rights under this Regulation.

5. The data protection officer shall be bound by secrecy or confidentiality concerning the performance of his or her tasks, in accordance with Union or Member State law.

6. The data protection officer may fulfil other tasks and duties. The controller or processor shall ensure that any such tasks and duties do not result in a conflict of interests.

Relevant Recitals

Recital 97: Data Protection Officer
Where the processing is carried out by a public authority, except for courts or independent judicial authorities when acting in their judicial capacity, where, in the private sector, processing is carried out by a controller whose core activities consist of processing operations that require regular and systematic monitoring of the data subjects on a large scale, or where the core activities of the controller or the processor consist of processing on a large scale of special categories of personal data and data relating to criminal convictions and offences, a person with expert knowledge of data protection law and practices should assist the controller or processor to monitor internal compliance with this Regulation. In the private sector, the core activities of a controller relate to its primary activities and do not relate to the processing of personal data as ancillary activities. The necessary level of expert knowledge should be determined in particular according to the data processing operations carried out and the protection required for the personal data processed by the controller or the processor. Such data protection officers, whether or not they are an employee of the controller, should be in a position to perform their duties and tasks in an independent manner.

Commentary

Overview

While it brings a novel element, the data protection officer (DPO) role draws inspiration from Regulation 45/2001, which foresaw similar position for European Union institutions, bodies, and agencies. Indeed, the GDPR’s DPO position shows many common elements with the Regulation 45/2001.[1] In addition, although Directive 95/46/EC did not require organisations to appoint a DPO, this nevertheless became an increasingly widespread practice in some Member States.[2]

The Role of the DPO in the Organisation

According to Article 38(1) GDPR, the DPO must be involved in a timely manner in all issues which relate to the protection of personal data. In this context, a timely manner would be the earliest possible stage, ideally at the stage of conceptualising the processing operation.[3] In any case, the DPO should be involved at a stage when fundamental decisions can still be made.[4] Among others, the early involvement is also necessary in order to adequately conduct a Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) and facilitate a privacy by design approach.[5]

DPOs should also be regularly involved in management meetings, and opinions of the DPO should be given due weight.[6] In case management disagrees with the DPO’s opinions, the Article 29 Working Party recommended documenting the reasons for not following the DPO’s position.[7] Indeed, this best practice seems highly important for implementing the principle of accountability. In any case, the DPO will not be held personally liable based on the GDPR for the non-compliance of the organisation.[8]

As reflected in Article 38(2) GDPR, the DPO must be provided with all necessary resources to carry out his or her tasks, including by having access to personal data and processing operations. Member States cannot limit the controlling competences of the DPO.[9] In addition, the DPO must be allowed to enter all premises where personal data is or may be processed, including on the premises of data processors.[10]

Independence and Confidentiality

According to Article 38(3) GDPR, the DPO’s independence in the organisation must be guaranteed by the controller or processor. In particular, the DPO may not receive any instructions regarding his or her tasks, and may not be dismissed or sanctioned for performing his tasks. This extends to the personnel working under the DPO, which should only receive substantive directions from the DPO and not from the management of the organisation.[11] Regarding the penalties or sanctions related to exercising the DPO’s functions, a broad interpretation must be followed. For example, the DPO may not suffer disadvantages in the form of threats, absence or delay of promotion, or denial from benefits which other employees receive.[12]

Regarding the confidentiality requirements of Article 38(5) GDPR, it is worth emphasising that the “obligation of secrecy/confidentiality does not prohibit the DPO from contacting and seeking advice from the supervisory authority”.[13] Furthermore, Member States have the possibility to regulate and limit the confidentiality requirements on a national level, as well as the legal consequences of breaching these requirements.[14]

Conflicts of Interest

Tightly connected to the independence requirement is Article 38(6) GDPR which emphasises that while the DPO may fulfill other tasks and duties, these shall not result in a conflict of interest. When interpreting this requirement, the WP29 stated that the DPO may not hold positions which result in determining the purposes and means of the processing.[15] Examples of such conflicting positions could be “senior management positions (such as chief executive, chief operating, chief financial, chief medical officer, head of marketing department, head of Human Resources or head of IT departments) but also other roles lower down in the organisational structure if such positions or roles lead to the determination of purposes and means of processing”.[16] Some commentators also interpreted a direct economic interest of the DPO in the success of the company as a possible indicator of a conflict of interest.[17]

Decisions

→ You can find all related decisions in Category:Article 38 GDPR

References

  1. Alvarez Rigaudias, Spina, in Kuner et al., The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), Article 38 GDPR, p. 702 (Oxford University Press 2020).
  2. WP29, Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (“DPOs”)”, WP 243 rev.01, 5 April 2017, p. 4 (available here).
  3. For example, this could be the design and development of a product, as well as the creation of a new service or modification of an existing one by adding new features.
  4. Bergt, in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 38 GDPR, margin number 14 (C.H. Beck 2020).
  5. WP29, Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (“DPOs”)”, WP 243 rev.01, 5 April 2017, p. 13 (available here).
  6. WP29, Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (“DPOs”)”, WP 243 rev.01, 5 April 2017, p. 14 (available here).
  7. WP29, Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (“DPOs”)”, WP 243 rev.01, 5 April 2017, p. 14 (available here).
  8. WP29, Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (“DPOs”)”, WP 243 rev.01, 5 April 2017, p. 13 (available here); see also Alvarez Rigaudias, Spina, in Kuner et al., The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), Article 38 GDPR, p. 702 (Oxford University Press 2020); as well as Articles 5(2) GDPR and 24(1) GDPR.
  9. Bergt, in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 38 GDPR, margin number 18 (C.H. Beck 2020).
  10. Bergt, in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 38 GDPR, margin number 20 (C.H. Beck 2020).
  11. Bergt, in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 38 GDPR, margin number 26 (C.H. Beck 2020).
  12. WP29, Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (“DPOs”)”, WP 243 rev.01, 5 April 2017, p. 15 (available here).
  13. WP29, Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (“DPOs”)”, WP 243 rev.01, 5 April 2017, p. 13 (available here).
  14. Article 35(3) GDPR.
  15. WP29, Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (“DPOs”)”, WP 243 rev.01, 5 April 2017, p. 16 (available here).
  16. WP29, Guidelines on Data Protection Officers (“DPOs”)”, WP 243 rev.01, 5 April 2017, p. 16 (available here).
  17. Bergt, in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 38 GDPR, margin number 41 (C.H. Beck 2020).