Editing Article 49 GDPR

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<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 1: General provisions</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 1 GDPR|Article 1: Subject-matter and objectives]]<br />
[[Article 2 GDPR|Article 2: Material scope]]<br />
[[Article 3 GDPR|Article 3: Territorial scope]]<br />
[[Article 4 GDPR|Article 4: Definitions]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 2: Principles</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 5 GDPR|Article 5: Principles relating to processing of personal data]]<br />
[[Article 6 GDPR|Article 6: Lawfulness of processing]]<br />
[[Article 7 GDPR|Article 7: Conditions for consent]]<br />
[[Article 8 GDPR|Article 8: Conditions applicable to child’s consent in relation to information society services]]<br />
[[Article 9 GDPR|Article 9: Processing of special categories of personal data]]<br />
[[Article 10 GDPR|Article 10: Processing of personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences]]<br />
[[Article 11 GDPR|Article 11: Processing which does not require identification]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 3: Rights of the data subject</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 12 GDPR|Article 12: Transparent information, communication and modalities for the exercise of the rights of the data subject]]<br />
[[Article 13 GDPR|Article 13: Information to be provided where personal data are collected from the data subject]]<br />
[[Article 14 GDPR|Article 14: Information to be provided where personal data have not been obtained from the data subject]]<br />
[[Article 15 GDPR|Article 15: Right of access by the data subject]]<br />
[[Article 16 GDPR|Article 16: Right to rectification]]<br />
[[Article 17 GDPR|Article 17: Right to erasure (‘right to be forgotten’)]]<br />
[[Article 18 GDPR|Article 18: Right to restriction of processing]]<br />
[[Article 19 GDPR|Article 19: Notification obligation regarding rectification or erasure of personal data or restriction of processing]]<br />
[[Article 20 GDPR|Article 20: Right to data portability]]<br />
[[Article 21 GDPR|Article 21: Right to object]]<br />
[[Article 22 GDPR|Article 22: Automated individual decision-making, including profiling]]<br />
[[Article 23 GDPR|Article 23: Restrictions]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 4: Controller and processor</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 24 GDPR|Article 24: Responsibility of the controller]]<br />
[[Article 25 GDPR|Article 25: Data protection by design and by default]]<br />
[[Article 26 GDPR|Article 26: Joint controllers]]<br />
[[Article 27 GDPR|Article 27: Representatives of controllers or processors not established in the Union]]<br />
[[Article 28 GDPR|Article 28: Processor]]<br />
[[Article 29 GDPR|Article 29: Processing under the authority of the controller or processor]]<br />
[[Article 30 GDPR|Article 30: Records of processing activities]]<br />
[[Article 31 GDPR|Article 31: Cooperation with the supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 32 GDPR|Article 32: Security of processing]]<br />
[[Article 33 GDPR|Article 33: Notification of a personal data breach to the supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 34 GDPR|Article 34: Communication of a personal data breach to the data subject]]<br />
[[Article 35 GDPR|Article 35: Data protection impact assessment]]<br />
[[Article 36 GDPR|Article 36: Prior consultation]]<br />
[[Article 37 GDPR|Article 37: Designation of the data protection officer]]<br />
[[Article 38 GDPR|Article 38: Position of the data protection officer]]<br />
[[Article 39 GDPR|Article 39: Tasks of the data protection officer]]<br />
[[Article 40 GDPR|Article 40: Codes of conduct]]<br />
[[Article 41 GDPR|Article 41: Monitoring of approved codes of conduct]]<br />
[[Article 42 GDPR|Article 42: Certification]]<br />
[[Article 43 GDPR|Article 43: Certification bodies]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 5: Transfers of personal data</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 44 GDPR|Article 44: General principle for transfers]]<br />
[[Article 45 GDPR|Article 45: Transfers on the basis of an adequacy decision]]<br />
[[Article 46 GDPR|Article 46: Transfers subject to appropriate safeguards]]<br />
[[Article 47 GDPR|Article 47: Binding corporate rules]]<br />
[[Article 48 GDPR|Article 48: Transfers or disclosures not authorised by Union law]]<br />
[[Article 49 GDPR|Article 49: Derogations for specific situations]]<br />
[[Article 50 GDPR|Article 50: International cooperation for the protection of personal data]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 6: Supervisory authorities</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 51 GDPR|Article 51: Supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 52 GDPR|Article 52: Independence]]<br />
[[Article 53 GDPR|Article 53: General conditions for the members of the supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 54 GDPR|Article 54: Rules on the establishment of the supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 55 GDPR|Article 55: Competence]]<br />
[[Article 56 GDPR|Article 56: Competence of the lead supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 57 GDPR|Article 57: Tasks]]<br />
[[Article 58 GDPR|Article 58: Powers]]<br />
[[Article 59 GDPR|Article 59: Activity reports]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 7: Cooperation and consistency</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 60 GDPR|Article 60: Cooperation between the lead supervisory authority and the other supervisory authorities concerned]]<br />
[[Article 61 GDPR|Article 61: Mutual assistance]]<br />
[[Article 62 GDPR|Article 62: Joint operations of supervisory authorities]]<br />
[[Article 63 GDPR|Article 63: Consistency mechanism]]<br />
[[Article 64 GDPR|Article 64: Opinion of the Board]]<br />
[[Article 65 GDPR|Article 65: Dispute resolution by the Board]]<br />
[[Article 66 GDPR|Article 66: Urgency procedure]]<br />
[[Article 67 GDPR|Article 67: Exchange of information]]<br />
[[Article 68 GDPR|Article 68: European Data Protection Board]]<br />
[[Article 69 GDPR|Article 69: Independence]]<br />
[[Article 70 GDPR|Article 70: Tasks of the Board]]<br />
[[Article 71 GDPR|Article 71: Reports]]<br />
[[Article 72 GDPR|Article 72: Procedure]]<br />
[[Article 73 GDPR|Article 73: Chair]]<br />
[[Article 74 GDPR|Article 74: Tasks of the Chair]]<br />
[[Article 75 GDPR|Article 75: Secretariat]]<br />
[[Article 76 GDPR|Article 76: Confidentiality]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 8: Remedies, liability and penalties</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 77 GDPR|Article 77: Right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 78 GDPR|Article 78: Right to an effective judicial remedy against a supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 79 GDPR|Article 79: Right to an effective judicial remedy against a controller or processor]]<br />
[[Article 80 GDPR|Article 80: Representation of data subjects]]<br />
[[Article 81 GDPR|Article 81: Suspension of proceedings]]<br />
[[Article 82 GDPR|Article 82: Right to compensation and liability]]<br />
[[Article 83 GDPR|Article 83: General conditions for imposing administrative fines]]<br />
[[Article 84 GDPR|Article 84: Penalties]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 9: Specific processing situations</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 85 GDPR|Article 85: Processing and freedom of expression and information]]<br />
[[Article 86 GDPR|Article 86: Processing and public access to official documents]]<br />
[[Article 87 GDPR|Article 87: Processing of the national identification number]]<br />
[[Article 88 GDPR|Article 88: Processing in the context of employment]]<br />
[[Article 89 GDPR|Article 89: Safeguards and derogations relating to processing for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes]]<br />
[[Article 90 GDPR|Article 90: Obligations of secrecy]]<br />
[[Article 91 GDPR|Article 91: Existing data protection rules of churches and religious associations]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 10: Delegated and implementing acts</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 92 GDPR|Article 92: Exercise of the delegation]]<br />
[[Article 93 GDPR|Article 93: Committee procedure]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 11: Final provisions</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 94 GDPR|Article 94: Repeal of Directive 95: /46: /EC]]<br />
[[Article 95 GDPR|Article 95: Relationship with Directive 20: 02: /58: /EC]]<br />
[[Article 96 GDPR|Article 96: Relationship with previously concluded Agreements]]<br />
[[Article 97 GDPR|Article 97: Commission reports]]<br />
[[Article 98 GDPR|Article 98: Review of other Union legal acts on data protection]]<br />
[[Article 99 GDPR|Article 99: Entry into force and application]]<br />
</small>
</div>
</div>
|}

==Legal Text==
<br /><center>'''Article 49 - Derogations for specific situations'''</center>

<span id="1">1.   In the absence of an adequacy decision pursuant to Article 45(3), or of appropriate safeguards pursuant to Article 46, including binding corporate rules, a transfer or a set of transfers of personal data to a third country or an international organisation shall take place only on one of the following conditions:</span>

::<span id="1a">(a)   the data subject has explicitly consented to the proposed transfer, after having been informed of the possible risks of such transfers for the data subject due to the absence of an adequacy decision and appropriate safeguards;</span>

::<span id="1b">(b)   the transfer is necessary for the performance of a contract between the data subject and the controller or the implementation of pre-contractual measures taken at the data subject's request;</span>

::<span id="1c">(c)   the transfer is necessary for the conclusion or performance of a contract concluded in the interest of the data subject between the controller and another natural or legal person;</span>

::<span id="1d">(d)   the transfer is necessary for important reasons of public interest;</span>

::<span id="1e">(e)   the transfer is necessary for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims;</span>

::<span id="1f">(f)   the transfer is necessary in order to protect the vital interests of the data subject or of other persons, where the data subject is physically or legally incapable of giving consent;</span>

::<span id="1g">(g)   the transfer is made from a register which according to Union or Member State law is intended to provide information to the public and which is open to consultation either by the public in general or by any person who can demonstrate a legitimate interest, but only to the extent that the conditions laid down by Union or Member State law for consultation are fulfilled in the particular case.</span>

Where a transfer could not be based on a provision in Article 45 or 46, including the provisions on binding corporate rules, and none of the derogations for a specific situation referred to in the first subparagraph of this paragraph is applicable, a transfer to a third country or an international organisation may take place only if the transfer is not repetitive, concerns only a limited number of data subjects, is necessary for the purposes of compelling legitimate interests pursued by the controller which are not overridden by the interests or rights and freedoms of the data subject, and the controller has assessed all the circumstances surrounding the data transfer and has on the basis of that assessment provided suitable safeguards with regard to the protection of personal data. The controller shall inform the supervisory authority of the transfer. The controller shall, in addition to providing the information referred to in Articles 13 and 14, inform the data subject of the transfer and on the compelling legitimate interests pursued.

<span id="2">2.   A transfer pursuant to point (g) of the first subparagraph of paragraph 1 shall not involve the entirety of the personal data or entire categories of the personal data contained in the register. Where the register is intended for consultation by persons having a legitimate interest, the transfer shall be made only at the request of those persons or if they are to be the recipients.</span>

<span id="3">3.   Points (a), (b) and (c) of the first subparagraph of paragraph 1 and the second subparagraph thereof shall not apply to activities carried out by public authorities in the exercise of their public powers.</span>

<span id="4">4.   The public interest referred to in point (d) of the first subparagraph of paragraph 1 shall be recognised in Union law or in the law of the Member State to which the controller is subject.</span>

<span id="5">5.   In the absence of an adequacy decision, Union or Member State law may, for important reasons of public interest, expressly set limits to the transfer of specific categories of personal data to a third country or an international organisation. Member States shall notify such provisions to the Commission.</span>

<span id="6">6.   The controller or processor shall document the assessment as well as the suitable safeguards referred to in the second subparagraph of paragraph 1 of this Article in the records referred to in Article 30.</span>

==Relevant Recitals==
{{Recital/111 GDPR}}
{{Recital/112 GDPR}}
{{Recital/113 GDPR}}
{{Recital/114 GDPR}}
{{Recital/115 GDPR}}

==Commentary==
The derogations from Article 49 GDPR are a limited closed list of exceptions that can be applied for international transfers of data to third-countries when no other mechanism of Chapter V can be applied. As explained by the European Data Protection Board (EDPB), the mechanism in Chapter V acts as a layer structure with three different levels: first, an adequacy decision pursuant to [[Article 45 GDPR]] shall be used, when it exists; second, appropriate safeguards under [[Article 46 GDPR]], such as binding corporate rules or contractual clauses, shall be used; and third, lacking any of the options mentioned above, derogations from Article 49 GDPR may be used. Additionally, [[Article 44 GDPR]] must be also be complied with, meaning that any transfer based on a derogation shall, in any case, meet the conditions contained in the provisions of the GDPR: data protection principles are still applicable, and the transfer must be based on a legal basis. Thus, the level of protection that the GDPR offers to natural persons shall not be undermined, and an adequate level of protection shall still be ensured.<ref>EDPB, ‘Guidelines 2/2018 on derogations of Article 49 under Regulation 2016/679’, 25 May 2018, p. 3 (available [https://edpb.europa.eu/sites/default/files/files/file1/edpb_guidelines_2_2018_derogations_en.pdf here]).</ref><blockquote><u>EDPB Guidelines</u>: on this Article, please see [https://edpb.europa.eu/our-work-tools/our-documents/guidelines/guidelines-22018-derogations-article-49-under-regulation_en Guidelines 2/2018 on the exceptions under Article 49 of Regulation 2016/679]</blockquote>

=== (1) Derogations for Specific Situations ===
In the absence of an adequacy decision pursuant to Article 45(3), or of appropriate safeguards pursuant to Article 46, including binding corporate rules, a transfer or a set of transfers of personal data to a third country or an international organisation shall take place only on one of the following condition: (a) the data subject has explicitly consented; the transfer is necessary for (b) the conclusion or performance of a contract between the data subject and the controller; (c) the conclusion or performance of a contract concluded in the interest of a data subject; (d) important reasons of public interest; (e) exercise or defence of legal claims; (f) protection of the vital interests of the data subject or of other persons; and (g) public register in specific cases. These derogations should be interpreted restrictively;<ref>''Kuner'', in Kuner, Bygrave, Docksey, The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): A Commentary, Article 49 GDPR, p. 846 (Oxford University Press 2020).</ref> any transfers based on them shall be occasional and non-repetitive. A necessity test should always be carried out.<ref>EDPB, ‘Guidelines 2/2018 on derogations of Article 49 under Regulation 2016/679’, 25 May 2018, p. 4 (available [https://edpb.europa.eu/sites/default/files/files/file1/edpb_guidelines_2_2018_derogations_en.pdf here]).</ref> 

==== (a) Consent ====
According to Article 49(1)(a) GDPR, transfers to third countries can happen when “''the data subject has explicitly consented to the proposed transfer, after having been informed of the possible risks of such transfers for the data subject due to the absence of an adequacy decision and appropriate safeguards''”. Here, the general conditions for consent apply. However, Article 49(1)(a) GDPR is stricter. First, this consent shall be “specifically” informed. Before providing their consent, data subjects shall be given detailed information regarding the transfer in order to ensure adequate awareness about the particular risks involved in the specific transfer of their personal data to a country which does not ensure the same level of protection as the GDPR does. Second, it requires an explicit statement from the data subject, given the risk it entails.

==== (b) Necessary for the performance of a contract between the data subject and the controller or the implementation of pre-contractual measures taken at the data subject's request ====
According to Article 49(1)(b) GDPR, transfers to third countries can take place when the “''transfer is necessary for the performance of a contract between the data subject and the controller or for the implementation of pre-contractual measures taken at the data subject’s request''”. The use of this derogation is limited by the two above-mentioned conditionings: a necessity test is needed, and the transfer may only be occasional, as Recital 111 GDPR indicates.

Firstly, the transfer needs to be necessary for the performance of such contract. There shall be a substantial connection; general related activities to a contract or activities that may be carried out without such transfer are not included. Additionally, the pre-contractual steps shall be taken at the data subject’s request, meaning that they must be explicitly requested, and not merely offered to them.<ref>''Kuner'', in Kuner, Bygrave, Docksey, The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): A Commentary, Article 49 GDPR, p. 848 (Oxford University Press 2020).</ref> 

Secondly, the transfer shall be occasional. Therefore, transfers that occur regularly, such as transfers derived from a business relationship that generally requires such transfers to take place, are not included. Occasional transfers derived from a particular situation that arises in a business relationship may however be included. In accordance with Article 49(3) GDPR, this derogation cannot apply to activities carried out by public authorities in the exercise of their public powers.<ref>EDPB, ‘Guidelines 2/2018 on derogations of Article 49 under Regulation 2016/679’, 25 May 2018, p. 9 (available [https://edpb.europa.eu/sites/default/files/files/file1/edpb_guidelines_2_2018_derogations_en.pdf here]).</ref>

==== (c) Necessary for the Conclusion or Performance of a Contract Concluded in the Interest of the Data Subject ====
According to Article 49(1)(c) GDPR, transfers to third countries can take place when the transfer is “''necessary for the conclusion or performance of a contract concluded in the interest of the data subject between the controller and another natural or legal person''”. Similarly to the derogation from Article 49(1)(b) GDPR, this derogation may only be applied on an occasional basis, and carrying out a necessity test. There shall be a close and substantial link between the transfer and a contract concluded in the data subject’s interest. As in the previous paragraph, in accordance with Article 49(3) GDPR, this derogation cannot apply to activities carried out by public authorities in the exercise of their public powers either.<ref>EDPB, ‘Guidelines 2/2018 on derogations of Article 49 under Regulation 2016/679’, 25 May 2018, p. 9 (available [https://edpb.europa.eu/sites/default/files/files/file1/edpb_guidelines_2_2018_derogations_en.pdf here]).</ref>

==== (d) Necessary for Important Reasons of Public Interest ====
Under Article 49(1)(d) GDPR, transfers to third countries can take place when the transfer is “''necessary for important reasons of public interest''”. Only public interests recognized in Union law or in the law of the Member State to which the controller is subject may be taken into account, in accordance with Article 49(4) GDPR. The provision that defines such public interest must not be abstract; the same activity linked to the transfer in both countries must be specifically addressed. Transfers will be allowed, for example, for important public interest recognised in international agreements or conventions signed by both countries. It is the public interest itself which makes the derogation applicable, not the nature of the organization. Therefore, private entities seeking such public interest may also rely on this derogation. The general limitations for derogations previously mentioned – ie. the transfer is occasional and a necessity test is carried out – must also be applied.<ref>EDPB, ‘Guidelines 2/2018 on derogations of Article 49 under Regulation 2016/679’, 25 May 2018, pp. 10-11 (available [https://edpb.europa.eu/sites/default/files/files/file1/edpb_guidelines_2_2018_derogations_en.pdf here]).</ref> 

==== (e) Necessary for the Establishment, Exercise or Defence of Legal Claims ====
According to Article 49(1)(e) GDPR, transfers to third countries can take place when the “''transfer is necessary for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims''”. This includes any kind of proceeding – e.g. criminal, administrative or arbitration proceedings– and pre-trial discovery procedures, as long as the processing is closely related to the activity, it is made occasionally, and does not refer to a mere possibility, but to a specific proceeding. The only condition regarding the nature of the procedure is that it must have its basis in law. There must be a substantial connection between the transfer and the specific exercise of a particular right, and only the data that is particularly necessary for such exercise shall be transferred.<ref>EDPB, ‘Guidelines 2/2018 on derogations of Article 49 under Regulation 2016/679’, 25 May 2018, pp. 11-12 (available [https://edpb.europa.eu/sites/default/files/files/file1/edpb_guidelines_2_2018_derogations_en.pdf here]).</ref> 

==== (f) Necessary to Protect Vital Interests of the Data Subject or Others, Where Physically or Legally Incapable of Giving Consent ====
According to Article 49(1)(f) GDPR, transfers to third countries can take place when the “''transfer necessary in order to protect the vital interests of the data subject or of other persons, where the data subject is physically or legally incapable of giving consent''”. In this case, what is relevant is the incapacity of the data subject to provide consent. If the data subject is able to consent, even if the data transfer is necessary to protect their vital interest, this derogation shall not be applied, and the derogation from Article 49(1)(a) GDPR will be applicable instead. The incapacity may be physical, mental or legal. Therefore, a case of a medical emergency in which the data subject is unconscious is a good example. The data subject may also be mentally incapable of giving consent, or may not have legal capacity – e.g. because they are a minor. Such incapability needs to be proved, and the data subject must be facing an imminent risk of serious harm. This derogation may also apply in case of armed conflict, or rescue and retrieval operations.<ref>EDPB, ‘Guidelines 2/2018 on derogations of Article 49 under Regulation 2016/679’, 25 May 2018, p. 13 (available [https://edpb.europa.eu/sites/default/files/files/file1/edpb_guidelines_2_2018_derogations_en.pdf here]).</ref> 

==== (g) Transfers Made from a Public Register ====
According to Article 49(1)(g), transfers to third countries can take place when the “''transfer is made from a public registry''”. Such register must be open to consultation by the public in general, or by anyone who can demonstrate a legitimate interest. Two conditions must be met: firstly, the conditions for consultation set by law must be fulfilled; and secondly, the principles of the GDPR must be applied, meaning that the controller needs to asses if the transfer is appropriate, taking the interests and rights of the data subject into consideration. Once again,  the restriction in Article 49(3) GDPR is apposite here, and this derogation cannot apply to activities carried out by public authorities in the exercise of their public powers.<ref>EDPB, ‘Guidelines 2/2018 on derogations of Article 49 under Regulation 2016/679’, 25 May 2018, p. 14 (available [https://edpb.europa.eu/sites/default/files/files/file1/edpb_guidelines_2_2018_derogations_en.pdf here]).</ref> 

==== Compelling Legitimate Interests of the Controller ====
According to the final paragraph in Article 49(1) GDPR, when none of the derogations described above (Article 49(1)(a-g) GDPR) is applicable, transfers to third countries can still take place due to “''compelling legitimate interests pursued by the controller''”. This derogation shall thus only be used in residual cases, when there is no other option available. The legitimate interest of the controller should, however, not be overridden by the interests and rights of the data subject. The transfer should be essential for the controller’s interests as well as non-repetitive and the controller should also be able to demonstrate all these elements. In such cases, suitable additional safeguards must be provided in order to reduce the transfer’s risk and impact. The controller must inform the data protection authority (DPA) about the transfer and all relevant aspects are duly recorded. Lastly, the controller should inform the data subject about the transfer and its risks.<ref>EDPB, ‘Guidelines 2/2018 on derogations of Article 49 under Regulation 2016/679’, 25 May 2018, pp. 15-16 (available [https://edpb.europa.eu/sites/default/files/files/file1/edpb_guidelines_2_2018_derogations_en.pdf here]).</ref> 

=== (5) Limitation of Transfers Based on Important Reasons of Public Interest ===
According to Article 49(5) GDPR, the European Union or Member States can provide in the law for limitations of transfers of specific categories of data to third countries, based on important reasons of public interest. This may only cover specific and limited cases, and must be expressly stated in the legal provision.<ref>''Kuner'', in Kuner et al., The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), Article 49 GDPR, p. 854 f. (Oxford University Press 2020).</ref>

=== (6) Limitation of Transfers Based on Important Reasons of Public Interest ===
The controller or processor shall document the assessment as well as the suitable safeguards referred to in the second subparagraph of paragraph 1 of this Article in the records referred to in Article 30.

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==Decisions==
→ You can find all related decisions in [[:Category:Article 49 GDPR]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:GDPR Articles]]