Article 27 GDPR: Difference between revisions

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==Commentary of Article 27==
==Commentary==
The aim of Article 27 GDPR is to ensure that the level of protection afforded to data subjects based in the union is not reduced in instances where non-EU based controllers or processors process their data. It aims to provide a contact point for data subjects, while ensuring simultaneously that there is legal accountability for the processing activities, achieved through the provision of a representative. This representative can be subject to enforcement proceedings in the event of non-compliance with the GDPR. Article 27 GDPR also helps to clarify the scope of obligations that is placed on controllers and processors based outside of the union.  
The aim of Article 27 GDPR is to ensure that the level of protection afforded to EU-based data subjects is not reduced where non-EU based controllers or processors process their data. It aims to both provide a contact point for data subjects and ensure that there is legal accountability for processing activities by mandating the appointment of a representative. This representative can be subject to enforcement proceedings in the event of non-compliance with the GDPR. Article 27 GDPR also helps to clarify the scope of obligations placed on controllers and processors based outside of the EU.  


===(1) Conditions for Applicability===
===(1) Conditions for Applicability===
Where [[Article 3 GDPR|Article 3(2) GDPR]] applies<ref>[https://gdprhub.eu/index.php%3Ftitle=Article_3_GDPR Article 3(2) GDPR] can be divided into two requirements: first, there must be processing by a controller or processor who is not established in the Union, and second, the processing activities must relate either to the offering of goods or services, or to the monitoring of the behavior of the data subjects within the Union.</ref>, the controller or processor must designate a representative in the Union.<ref>If a controller or processor not established in the Union but subject to the GDPR fails to designate a representative in the Union it would therefore be in breach of the Regulation. EDPB, Guidelines 3/2018 on the territorial scope of the GDPR (Article 3), 12 November 2019, p. 23</ref>
Where [[Article 3 GDPR|Article 3(2) GDPR]] applies,<ref>Article 3(2) GDPR can be divided into two requirements: first, there must be processing by a controller or processor who is not established in the Union, and second, the processing activities must relate either to the offering of goods or services, or to the monitoring of the behaviour of the data subjects within the Union.</ref> the controller or processor must designate a representative in the Union.<ref>If a “''controller or processor not established in the Union but subject to the GDPR fails to designate a representative in the Union it would therefore be in breach of the Regulation''”. See EDPB, ‘Guidelines 3/2018 on the territorial scope of the GDPR (Article 3), 12 November 2019 (Version 2.1), p. 23 (available [https://edpb.europa.eu/sites/default/files/files/file1/edpb_guidelines_3_2018_territorial_scope_after_public_consultation_en_1.pdf here]).</ref> In practice, the function of “''representative in the Union''” can be exercised based on a contract concluded with an individual or an organisation. It can therefore be assumed by a wide range of commercial and non-commercial entities, such as law firms, consultancies, or private companies, provided that they are established in the Union. However, according to the EDPB, the role should not overlap with the DPO’s given its requirement for independence.<ref>EDPB, ‘Guidelines 3/2018 on the territorial scope of the GDPR (Article 3), 12 November 2019 (Version 2.1), p. 24 (available [https://edpb.europa.eu/sites/default/files/files/file1/edpb_guidelines_3_2018_territorial_scope_after_public_consultation_en_1.pdf here]).</ref> The designation must be done in written form.<ref>Some commentators argue that the mandate must<span lang="EN-GB">The aim of Article 27 GDPR is to ensure that the level of protection afforded to EU-based data subjects is not reduced where non-EU based controllers or processors process their data. It aims to both provide a contact point for data subjects and ensure that there is legal accountability for processing activities by mandating the appointment of a representative. This representative can be subject to enforcement proceedings in the event of non-compliance with the GDPR. Article 27 GDPR also helps to clarify the scope of obligations placed on controllers and processors based outside of the EU. </span> be in writing in order to be valid. This would be necessary to guarantee the authenticity of the mandate and to ensure a certain tangibility of the parties involved. Qualified electronic signature or other equivalent method would also be admissible. In this sense, this agreement could not be concluded by email. See, ''Martini'', in Paal, Pauly, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 27, margin numbers 17-20 (C.H.Beck 2021, 3rd Edition).</ref> The GDPR does not specify any particular requirements for the representative.<ref>Though the Article does little to elaborate o<span lang="EN-GB">The aim of Article 27 GDPR is to ensure that the level of protection afforded to EU-based data subjects is not reduced where non-EU based controllers or processors process their data. It aims to both provide a contact point for data subjects and ensure that there is legal accountability for processing activities by mandating the appointment of a representative. This representative can be subject to enforcement proceedings in the event of non-compliance with the GDPR. Article 27 GDPR also helps to clarify the scope of obligations placed on controllers and processors based outside of the EU. </span>n the nature of this requirement, such as what the consequences are if this requirement is breached, it is one step towards establishing accountability for non-EU based actors who process data. Indeed, this is what ''Millard'' and ''Kamarinou'' have labeled as enhancing the “''practical-procedural traction of the GDPR''”. See, ''Millard, Kamarinou'', in Kuner, Bygrave, Docksey, The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): A Commentary, Article 27 GDPR, pp. 595-596 (Oxford University Press 2020).</ref> Thus, under Article 1(17) GDPR, it can be any natural or legal person which is capable of representing the controller or processor "''with regard to their obligations under this Regulation''".<ref>''Millard, Kamarinou'', in Kuner, Bygrave, Docksey, The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): A Commentary, Article 27 GDPR, pp. 595-596 (Oxford University Press 2020).</ref>
 
In practice, the function of representative in the Union can be exercised based on a service contract concluded with an individual or an organisation, and can therefore be assumed by a wide range of commercial and non-commercial entities, such as law firms, consultancies, private companies, etc. provided that such entities are established in the Union. However, according to the EDPB, should not overlap with the role of DPO given its inherent independence requirements.<ref>EDPB, Guidelines 3/2018 on the territorial scope of the GDPR (Article 3), 12 November 2019, p. 24.</ref>  
 
The designation must be done in written form.<ref>Some commentators argue that the mandate must be in writing in order to be valid. This would be necessary to guarantee the authenticity of the mandate and to ensure a certain tangibility of the parties involved. Qualified electronic signature or other equivalent method would also be admissible. In this sense, this agreement could not be concluded by simple email. See, ''Martini'', in Paal & Pauly, DS-GVO Art. 27, margin numbers 17-20 (3rd ed., C.H.Beck 2021).</ref> The GDPR does not specify any particular requirements for the representative.<ref>Though the Article does little to elaborate on the nature of this requirement, such as what the consequences are if this requirement is breached, it is one step towards establishing accountability for non-EU based actors who process data. Indeed, this is what ''Millard'' and ''Kamarinou'' have labeled as enhancing the “''practical-procedural traction of the GDPR''”. See, ''Millard, Kamarinou'', in Kuner et al., The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), Article 27 GDPR, pp. 595 et seq. (Oxford University Press 2020).</ref> Thus, under Article 1(17) GDPR, it can be any natural or legal person which is organizationally capable of representing the controller or processor "''with regard to their respective obligations under this Regulation''" (See, Paragraph 4 below).<ref>''Millard, Kamarinou'', in Kuner et al., The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), Article 27 GDPR, pp. 595 et seq. (Oxford University Press 2020).</ref>  
 
===(2) Exemptions===
===(2) Exemptions===
The requirement to designate a representative is not absolute. Article 27(2) GDPR presents two instances in which the requirement to have a representative does not apply. These are (1) when the processing is occasional and does not include [[Article 9 GDPR]] or [[Article 10 GDPR]] data, and is unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, or (2) when the processing is done by a public authority or body.
The requirement to designate a representative is not absolute. Article 27(2) GDPR presents two instances in which the requirement to have a representative does not apply. These are (a) when the processing is occasional, does not include data covered by [[Article 9 GDPR]] or [[Article 10 GDPR]], and is unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, and (b) when the processing is done by a public authority or body.
====(a) Processing Which is Occasional and Does Not Include Data in the Sense of [[Article 9 GDPR|Articles 9]] and [[Article 10 GDPR|10 GDPR]]====
====(a) Processing Which is Occasional and Does Not Include Data in the Sense of [[Article 9 GDPR|Articles 9]] and [[Article 10 GDPR|10 GDPR]]====
Article 27(2)(a) GDPR states that the requirement to designate a representative does not apply if the processing meets three cumulative conditions. First, the processing must be "''occasional''". Second, it must not include on a large scale, "''processing of special categories of data as referred to in Article 9(1) or processing of personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences referred to in Article 10''". Third, the processing is "''unlikely to to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons''".  
Article 27(2)(a) GDPR states that the requirement to designate a representative does not apply if the processing meets three cumulative conditions. First, the processing must be "''occasional''". Second, it must not include "''processing of special categories of data as referred to in Article 9(1) or processing of personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences referred to in Article 10''" on a large scale. Third, the processing must be "''unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons''".
 
The term "''occasional''" has been interpreted by the WP29 to mean processing that is not carried out regularly and that falls outside of the scope of the regular activities of the controller or processor.<ref>WP29, position paper on the derogations from the obligation to maintain records of processing activities pursuant to Article 30(5) GDPR, [https://edpb.europa.eu/our-work-tools/our-documents/guidelines/position-paper-derogations-obligation-maintain-records_en p. 2]. This position paper was endorsed by the EDPB.</ref> Similarly, ''Millard'' and ''Kamarinou'' have interpreted the term "occasional" to mean "''non-systematic''" processing, or in other words, processing that happens on an ad hoc and infrequent basis and not in a regular way.<ref>''Millard, Kamarinou'', in Kuner et al., The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), Article 27 GDPR, p. 595 (Oxford University Press 2020).</ref>


The second condition requires that the processing does not use on a 'large scale' the categories of data covered by Articles 9 and 10 GDPR. What meaning should be assigned to the expression 'large scale' is however not entirely clear.<ref>''Hartnung'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 27 GDPR, margin numbers 9 (Beck 2020, 3rd ed.) (accessed 20 February 2022).</ref> According to Recital 91, it should concern "''a considerable amount of personal data'' [...] ''which could affect a large number of data subjects''".
The term "''occasional''" has been interpreted by the WP29 to mean processing that is not carried out regularly and that falls outside of the scope of the regular activities of the controller or processor.<ref>WP29, ‘Position paper on the derogations from the obligation to maintain records of processing activities pursuant to Article 30(5) GDPR’, p. 2 (available [https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/article29/redirection/document/51422 here]). This position paper has been endorsed by the EDPB on 19 April 2018.</ref> Similarly, ''Millard'' and ''Kamarinou'' have interpreted the term "''occasional''" to mean "''non-systematic''" processing, or in other words, processing that happens on an ad hoc and infrequent basis and not in a regular way.<ref>''Millard, Kamarinou'', in Kuner, Bygrave, Docksey, The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): A Commentary, Article 27 GDPR, p. 595 (Oxford University Press 2020).</ref>


Finally, the third requirement specifies that the processing must be “''unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of a natural person''”. Recital 75 GDPR sets out that when the risk to the rights and freedom of data subjects is being assessed, special consideration should be given to both the likelihood and the severity of the envisioned risk. This includes, among the others, risks of discrimination, identity theft or fraud, financial loss, damage to the reputation, loss of confidentiality of personal data protected by professional secrecy, unauthorised reversal of pseudonymisation, or any other significant economic or social disadvantage.  
The second condition requires that the processing does not use the categories of data covered by Articles 9 and 10 GDPR on a “''large scale''”. What meaning should be assigned to the expression “''large scale''” is not entirely clear.<ref>''Hartnung'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 27 GDPR, margin numbers 9 (C.H. Beck 2020, 3rd Edition).</ref> According to Recital 91, it should concern "''a considerable amount of personal data'' [...] ''which could affect a large number of data subjects''".  


The unifying factor of the three conditions above seems to be the existence of processing which is in some way 'non-negligible' because of its scale, the data processed or its possible negative consequences. In these circumstances, a point of contact within the EU must be provided and the exemption in Article 27(1)(a) cannot apply.  
Finally, the third requirement specifies that the processing must be “''unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of a natural person''”. Recital 75 GDPR sets out that when the risk to the rights and freedom of data subjects is being assessed, special consideration should be given to both its likelihood and severity. This includes, ''inter alia'', risks of discrimination, identity theft or fraud, financial loss, damage to the reputation, loss of confidentiality of personal data protected by professional secrecy, unauthorised reversal of pseudonymisation, or any other significant economic or social disadvantage.  


The unifying factor of these three conditions seems to be the existence of processing which is in some way 'non-negligible' because of its scale, the data processed, or its possible negative consequences. In all the other cases, an EU representative must be appointed and the exemption in Article 27(1)(a) GDPR cannot apply.
====(b) Processing Carried Out by a Public Authority or Body ====
====(b) Processing Carried Out by a Public Authority or Body ====
The second exemption to the requirement to designate a representative applies if the non-EU controller or processor is a public authority or body. It is up for the supervisory authority to assess on a case-by-case basis what a public authority or body constitutes. However, instances in which a public authority or body in a third country would be monitoring the behaviour of data subjects in the union, or offering them goods or services, are likely to be limited.  
The second exemption to the requirement to designate a representative applies if the non-EU controller or processor is a public authority or body. It is up for the supervisory authority to assess on a case-by-case basis what constitutes a public authority or body. However, instances in which a public authority or body in a third country would be monitoring the behaviour of data subjects in the Union, or offering them goods or services, are likely to be limited.  


===(3) Place of Establishment of the Representative===
===(3) Place of Establishment of the Representative===
Article 27(3) GDPR states that the representative of the controller or processor shall be established in one of the Member States where the data subject is located. The EDPB has made the recommendation that “''where a significant proportion of data subjects whose personal data are processed are located in one particular Member State […] the representative is established in that same Member State''”. The main criterion for establishing where a representative should be designated is the location of the data subjects who are subject to the processing.<ref name=":0">EDPB, Guidelines 3/2018 on the territorial scope of the GDPR (Article 3), 12 November 2019, [https://edpb.europa.eu/our-work-tools/our-documents/guidelines/guidelines-32018-territorial-scope-gdpr-article-3-version_en p. 26].</ref> One way to interpret this is in the event that there are two member states in which processing takes place, the country which has more data subjects who are subject to the processing should be the country in which the representative is established.
Article 27(3) GDPR states that the representative of the controller or processor shall be established in one of the Member States where the data subject is located. The EDPB has recommended that “''where a significant proportion of data subjects whose personal data are processed are located in one particular Member State […] the representative is established in that same Member State''”. The main criterion for establishing where a representative should be designated is the location of the data subjects who are subject to the processing.<ref>EDPB, ‘Guidelines 3/2018 on the territorial scope of the GDPR (Article 3), 12 November 2019 (Version 2.1), p. 26 (available [https://edpb.europa.eu/sites/default/files/files/file1/edpb_guidelines_3_2018_territorial_scope_after_public_consultation_en_1.pdf here]).</ref> One way to interpret this is in the event that there are two member states in which processing takes place, the country which has more data subjects who are subject to the processing should be the country in which the representative is established.


===(4) Obligations and Responsibilities of the Representative===
===(4) Obligations and Responsibilities of the Representative===
Article 27(4) GDPR stipulates that the representative shall be responsible for complying with the GDPR in regards to the processing activities that take place.
Article 27(4) GDPR stipulates that the representative shall be responsible for complying with the GDPR in regards to the processing activities that take place. This includes handling requests from data subjects.<ref>''Martini'', in Paal, Pauly, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 27, margin number 52 (C.H.Beck 2021, 3rd Edition).</ref> While not directly responsible for complying with data subject rights, the representative must facilitate the communication between data subjects and the controller or processor represented, in order to make the exercise of data subject rights effective. Under [[Article 30 GDPR]] the representative of the controller or processor must maintain a record of the processing activities performed by the controller or processor. However, the controller or processor themselves are responsible for updating the content of the record, and must provide the representative with up-to-date information. At the same time, the representative must be ready to share this record. The EDPB has also confirmed that the representative must be in a position where it can effectively communicate with data subjects and cooperate with supervisory authorities. Finally, as clarified by Recital 80 GDPR, the representative should also perform its tasks according to the mandate received from the controller or processor, including cooperating with the supervisory authorities regarding any action that may need to be taken in order to comply with the GDPR (Article 31 GDPR). However, the EDPB guidelines on the territorial scope of the GDPR state that the direct liability of the representative is limited to the obligations set out in [[Article 30 GDPR|Article 30]] and [[Article 58 GDPR|Article 58(1)(a) GDPR]]. <ref>EDPB, ‘Guidelines 3/2018 on the territorial scope of the GDPR (Article 3), 12 November 2019 (Version 2.1), p. 27-28 (available [https://edpb.europa.eu/sites/default/files/files/file1/edpb_guidelines_3_2018_territorial_scope_after_public_consultation_en_1.pdf here]).</ref>
 
This includes handling requests from data subjects<ref>''Martini'', in Paal & Pauly, DS-GVO Art. 27, margin numbers 25 (3rd ed., C.H.Beck 2021).</ref>. While not itself responsible for complying with data subject rights, the representative must facilitate the communication between data subjects and the controller or processor represented, in order to make the exercise of data subjects’ rights are effective.<ref>EDPB, Guidelines 3/2018 on the territorial scope of the GDPR (Article 3), 12 November 2019, p. 27.</ref> Under [[Article 30 GDPR]] the representative of the controller or processor must maintain a record of the processing activities done by the controller or processor. However, the controller or processor themselves are responsible for updating the content of the record, and must provide the representative with up-to-date information. At the same time, the representative must be ready to provide this record. The EDPB has also confirmed that the representative must be in a position where they can effectively communicate with data subjects and cooperate with supervisory authorities.<ref>EDPB, Guidelines 3/2018 on the territorial scope of the GDPR (Article 3), 12 November 2019, [https://edpb.europa.eu/our-work-tools/our-documents/guidelines/guidelines-32018-territorial-scope-gdpr-article-3-version_en p. 26].</ref> Finally, as clarified by Recital 80, the representative should also perform its tasks according to the mandate received from the controller or processor, including cooperating with the supervisory authorities regarding any action that may need to be taken in order to comply with the GDPR (Article 31 GDPR).
 
However, the EDPB guidelines on the territorial scope of the GDPR state that the direct liability of the representative is limited to the obligations that are set out in [[Article 30 GDPR]] and in [[Article 58 GDPR|Article 58(1)(a) GDPR]].<ref>EDPB, Guidelines 3/2018 on the territorial scope of the GDPR (Article 3), 12 November 2019, p. 28.</ref>  
 
=== (5) Continued Liability ===
=== (5) Continued Liability ===
Article 27(5) GDPR makes it very clear that the controller or processor cannot escape legal liability solely by virtue of designating a representative. In fact, Article 27(5) GDPR states that legal action can be initiated directly against the controller or processor. Indeed, this happened in a case before the Austrian Data Protection Authority, in which the DPA chose to address a decision directly to a US company, instead of its representative in the Netherlands, because “''Article 27(5) GDPR does not entail a transfer of responsibility''”.<ref>Datenschutzbehörde, 7 March 2019, DSB-D130.033/0003-DSB/2019 (available here https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/JudikaturEntscheidung.wxe?Abfrage=Dsk&Dokumentnummer=DSBT_20190307_DSB_D130_033_0003_DSB_2019_00).
Article 27(5) GDPR makes it very clear that the controller or processor cannot escape legal liability by designating a representative. Indeed, it states that legal action can be initiated directly against the controller or processor. This notably happened in a case before the Austrian DPA, in which it chose to address a decision directly to a US company instead of its representative in the Netherlands, because “''Article 27(5) GDPR does not entail a transfer of responsibility''”.<ref>Datenschutzbehörde, 7 March 2019, DSB-D130.033/0003-DSB/2019 (available [https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/JudikaturEntscheidung.wxe?Abfrage=Dsk&Dokumentnummer=DSBT_20190307_DSB_D130_033_0003_DSB_2019_00 here]).</ref>  
 
</ref>  
==Decisions==
==Decisions==
→ You can find all related decisions in [[:Category:Article 27 GDPR]]
→ You can find all related decisions in [[:Category:Article 27 GDPR]]

Revision as of 16:47, 25 April 2022

Article 27 - Representatives of controllers or processors not established in the Union
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Chapter 10: Delegated and implementing acts

Legal Text


Article 27 - Representatives of controllers or processors not established in the Union

1. Where Article 3(2) applies, the controller or the processor shall designate in writing a representative in the Union.

2. The obligation laid down in paragraph 1 of this Article shall not apply to:

(a) processing which is occasional, does not include, on a large scale, processing of special categories of data as referred to in Article 9(1) or processing of personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences referred to in Article 10, and is unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, taking into account the nature, context, scope and purposes of the processing; or
(b) a public authority or body.

3. The representative shall be established in one of the Member States where the data subjects, whose personal data are processed in relation to the offering of goods or services to them, or whose behaviour is monitored, are.

4. The representative shall be mandated by the controller or processor to be addressed in addition to or instead of the controller or the processor by, in particular, supervisory authorities and data subjects, on all issues related to processing, for the purposes of ensuring compliance with this Regulation.

5. The designation of a representative by the controller or processor shall be without prejudice to legal actions which could be initiated against the controller or the processor themselves.

Relevant Recitals

Recital 80: Designated Representative
Where a controller or a processor not established in the Union is processing personal data of data subjects who are in the Union whose processing activities are related to the offering of goods or services, irrespective of whether a payment of the data subject is required, to such data subjects in the Union, or to the monitoring of their behaviour as far as their behaviour takes place within the Union, the controller or the processor should designate a representative, unless the processing is occasional, does not include processing, on a large scale, of special categories of personal data or the processing of personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences, and is unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, taking into account the nature, context, scope and purposes of the processing or if the controller is a public authority or body. The representative should act on behalf of the controller or the processor and may be addressed by any supervisory authority. The representative should be explicitly designated by a written mandate of the controller or of the processor to act on its behalf with regard to its obligations under this Regulation. The designation of such a representative does not affect the responsibility or liability of the controller or of the processor under this Regulation. Such a representative should perform its tasks according to the mandate received from the controller or processor, including cooperating with the competent supervisory authorities with regard to any action taken to ensure compliance with this Regulation. The designated representative should be subject to enforcement proceedings in the event of non-compliance by the controller or processor.

Commentary

The aim of Article 27 GDPR is to ensure that the level of protection afforded to EU-based data subjects is not reduced where non-EU based controllers or processors process their data. It aims to both provide a contact point for data subjects and ensure that there is legal accountability for processing activities by mandating the appointment of a representative. This representative can be subject to enforcement proceedings in the event of non-compliance with the GDPR. Article 27 GDPR also helps to clarify the scope of obligations placed on controllers and processors based outside of the EU.

(1) Conditions for Applicability

Where Article 3(2) GDPR applies,[1] the controller or processor must designate a representative in the Union.[2] In practice, the function of “representative in the Union” can be exercised based on a contract concluded with an individual or an organisation. It can therefore be assumed by a wide range of commercial and non-commercial entities, such as law firms, consultancies, or private companies, provided that they are established in the Union. However, according to the EDPB, the role should not overlap with the DPO’s given its requirement for independence.[3] The designation must be done in written form.[4] The GDPR does not specify any particular requirements for the representative.[5] Thus, under Article 1(17) GDPR, it can be any natural or legal person which is capable of representing the controller or processor "with regard to their obligations under this Regulation".[6]

(2) Exemptions

The requirement to designate a representative is not absolute. Article 27(2) GDPR presents two instances in which the requirement to have a representative does not apply. These are (a) when the processing is occasional, does not include data covered by Article 9 GDPR or Article 10 GDPR, and is unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, and (b) when the processing is done by a public authority or body.

(a) Processing Which is Occasional and Does Not Include Data in the Sense of Articles 9 and 10 GDPR

Article 27(2)(a) GDPR states that the requirement to designate a representative does not apply if the processing meets three cumulative conditions. First, the processing must be "occasional". Second, it must not include "processing of special categories of data as referred to in Article 9(1) or processing of personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences referred to in Article 10" on a large scale. Third, the processing must be "unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons".

The term "occasional" has been interpreted by the WP29 to mean processing that is not carried out regularly and that falls outside of the scope of the regular activities of the controller or processor.[7] Similarly, Millard and Kamarinou have interpreted the term "occasional" to mean "non-systematic" processing, or in other words, processing that happens on an ad hoc and infrequent basis and not in a regular way.[8]

The second condition requires that the processing does not use the categories of data covered by Articles 9 and 10 GDPR on a “large scale”. What meaning should be assigned to the expression “large scale” is not entirely clear.[9] According to Recital 91, it should concern "a considerable amount of personal data [...] which could affect a large number of data subjects".

Finally, the third requirement specifies that the processing must be “unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of a natural person”. Recital 75 GDPR sets out that when the risk to the rights and freedom of data subjects is being assessed, special consideration should be given to both its likelihood and severity. This includes, inter alia, risks of discrimination, identity theft or fraud, financial loss, damage to the reputation, loss of confidentiality of personal data protected by professional secrecy, unauthorised reversal of pseudonymisation, or any other significant economic or social disadvantage.

The unifying factor of these three conditions seems to be the existence of processing which is in some way 'non-negligible' because of its scale, the data processed, or its possible negative consequences. In all the other cases, an EU representative must be appointed and the exemption in Article 27(1)(a) GDPR cannot apply.

(b) Processing Carried Out by a Public Authority or Body

The second exemption to the requirement to designate a representative applies if the non-EU controller or processor is a public authority or body. It is up for the supervisory authority to assess on a case-by-case basis what constitutes a public authority or body. However, instances in which a public authority or body in a third country would be monitoring the behaviour of data subjects in the Union, or offering them goods or services, are likely to be limited.

(3) Place of Establishment of the Representative

Article 27(3) GDPR states that the representative of the controller or processor shall be established in one of the Member States where the data subject is located. The EDPB has recommended that “where a significant proportion of data subjects whose personal data are processed are located in one particular Member State […] the representative is established in that same Member State”. The main criterion for establishing where a representative should be designated is the location of the data subjects who are subject to the processing.[10] One way to interpret this is in the event that there are two member states in which processing takes place, the country which has more data subjects who are subject to the processing should be the country in which the representative is established.

(4) Obligations and Responsibilities of the Representative

Article 27(4) GDPR stipulates that the representative shall be responsible for complying with the GDPR in regards to the processing activities that take place. This includes handling requests from data subjects.[11] While not directly responsible for complying with data subject rights, the representative must facilitate the communication between data subjects and the controller or processor represented, in order to make the exercise of data subject rights effective. Under Article 30 GDPR the representative of the controller or processor must maintain a record of the processing activities performed by the controller or processor. However, the controller or processor themselves are responsible for updating the content of the record, and must provide the representative with up-to-date information. At the same time, the representative must be ready to share this record. The EDPB has also confirmed that the representative must be in a position where it can effectively communicate with data subjects and cooperate with supervisory authorities. Finally, as clarified by Recital 80 GDPR, the representative should also perform its tasks according to the mandate received from the controller or processor, including cooperating with the supervisory authorities regarding any action that may need to be taken in order to comply with the GDPR (Article 31 GDPR). However, the EDPB guidelines on the territorial scope of the GDPR state that the direct liability of the representative is limited to the obligations set out in Article 30 and Article 58(1)(a) GDPR. [12]

(5) Continued Liability

Article 27(5) GDPR makes it very clear that the controller or processor cannot escape legal liability by designating a representative. Indeed, it states that legal action can be initiated directly against the controller or processor. This notably happened in a case before the Austrian DPA, in which it chose to address a decision directly to a US company instead of its representative in the Netherlands, because “Article 27(5) GDPR does not entail a transfer of responsibility”.[13]

Decisions

→ You can find all related decisions in Category:Article 27 GDPR

References

  1. Article 3(2) GDPR can be divided into two requirements: first, there must be processing by a controller or processor who is not established in the Union, and second, the processing activities must relate either to the offering of goods or services, or to the monitoring of the behaviour of the data subjects within the Union.
  2. If a “controller or processor not established in the Union but subject to the GDPR fails to designate a representative in the Union it would therefore be in breach of the Regulation”. See EDPB, ‘Guidelines 3/2018 on the territorial scope of the GDPR (Article 3)’, 12 November 2019 (Version 2.1), p. 23 (available here).
  3. EDPB, ‘Guidelines 3/2018 on the territorial scope of the GDPR (Article 3)’, 12 November 2019 (Version 2.1), p. 24 (available here).
  4. Some commentators argue that the mandate mustThe aim of Article 27 GDPR is to ensure that the level of protection afforded to EU-based data subjects is not reduced where non-EU based controllers or processors process their data. It aims to both provide a contact point for data subjects and ensure that there is legal accountability for processing activities by mandating the appointment of a representative. This representative can be subject to enforcement proceedings in the event of non-compliance with the GDPR. Article 27 GDPR also helps to clarify the scope of obligations placed on controllers and processors based outside of the EU. be in writing in order to be valid. This would be necessary to guarantee the authenticity of the mandate and to ensure a certain tangibility of the parties involved. Qualified electronic signature or other equivalent method would also be admissible. In this sense, this agreement could not be concluded by email. See, Martini, in Paal, Pauly, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 27, margin numbers 17-20 (C.H.Beck 2021, 3rd Edition).
  5. Though the Article does little to elaborate oThe aim of Article 27 GDPR is to ensure that the level of protection afforded to EU-based data subjects is not reduced where non-EU based controllers or processors process their data. It aims to both provide a contact point for data subjects and ensure that there is legal accountability for processing activities by mandating the appointment of a representative. This representative can be subject to enforcement proceedings in the event of non-compliance with the GDPR. Article 27 GDPR also helps to clarify the scope of obligations placed on controllers and processors based outside of the EU. n the nature of this requirement, such as what the consequences are if this requirement is breached, it is one step towards establishing accountability for non-EU based actors who process data. Indeed, this is what Millard and Kamarinou have labeled as enhancing the “practical-procedural traction of the GDPR”. See, Millard, Kamarinou, in Kuner, Bygrave, Docksey, The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): A Commentary, Article 27 GDPR, pp. 595-596 (Oxford University Press 2020).
  6. Millard, Kamarinou, in Kuner, Bygrave, Docksey, The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): A Commentary, Article 27 GDPR, pp. 595-596 (Oxford University Press 2020).
  7. WP29, ‘Position paper on the derogations from the obligation to maintain records of processing activities pursuant to Article 30(5) GDPR’, p. 2 (available here). This position paper has been endorsed by the EDPB on 19 April 2018.
  8. Millard, Kamarinou, in Kuner, Bygrave, Docksey, The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): A Commentary, Article 27 GDPR, p. 595 (Oxford University Press 2020).
  9. Hartnung, in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 27 GDPR, margin numbers 9 (C.H. Beck 2020, 3rd Edition).
  10. EDPB, ‘Guidelines 3/2018 on the territorial scope of the GDPR (Article 3)’, 12 November 2019 (Version 2.1), p. 26 (available here).
  11. Martini, in Paal, Pauly, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 27, margin number 52 (C.H.Beck 2021, 3rd Edition).
  12. EDPB, ‘Guidelines 3/2018 on the territorial scope of the GDPR (Article 3)’, 12 November 2019 (Version 2.1), p. 27-28 (available here).
  13. Datenschutzbehörde, 7 March 2019, DSB-D130.033/0003-DSB/2019 (available here).