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The Chair is the representative of the EDPB and is sometimes referred to as the “''mouthpiece of the data protection supervisory authorities in Europe''”.<ref>''Nguyen'', in Gola, DS-GVO, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 1 (C.H. Beck 2018, 2nd edition); ''Brink, Wilhelm'', in BeckOK DatenschutzR, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 2 (C.H. Beck 2020, 36th edition).</ref> As was the case with the Article 29 Working Party (“''WP29''”), the Chair is assisted by two deputy chairs. The advantage of this arrangement is that it allows for three Member State supervisory authorities to participate in a decisive position on the Board.<ref>''Brink, Wilhelm'', in BeckOK DatenschutzR, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 4 (C.H. Beck 2020, 36th edition).</ref> All members of the Board are entitled to stand for election. Pursuant to Article 68(3) GDPR, Board members are the heads of Member State supervisory authorities and the European Data Protection Supervisor (''"EDPS"'').<ref>Not included in the Board's membership are the three acceded EFTA countries.</ref> The Commission has the right to participate in the activities and meetings of the EDPB (Article 68(5)(1) GDPR), but is not a member.  
The Chair is the representative of the EDPB and is sometimes referred to as the “''mouthpiece of the data protection supervisory authorities in Europe''”.<ref>''Nguyen'', in Gola, DS-GVO, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 1 (C.H. Beck 2018, 2nd edition); ''Brink, Wilhelm'', in BeckOK DatenschutzR, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 2 (C.H. Beck 2020, 36th edition).</ref> As was the case with the Article 29 Working Party (“''WP29''”), the Chair is assisted by two deputy chairs. The advantage of this arrangement is that it allows for three Member State supervisory authorities to participate in a decisive position on the Board.<ref>''Brink, Wilhelm'', in BeckOK DatenschutzR, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 4 (C.H. Beck 2020, 36th edition).</ref> All members of the Board are entitled to stand for election. Pursuant to Article 68(3) GDPR, Board members are the heads of Member State supervisory authorities and the European Data Protection Supervisor (''"EDPS"'').<ref>Not included in the Board's membership are the three acceded EFTA countries.</ref> The Commission has the right to participate in the activities and meetings of the EDPB (Article 68(5)(1) GDPR), but is not a member.  


Legally, it is possible for the EDPS to stand as an electoral candidate for Chair; however, in actuality this would be impracticable for two reasons. Firstly, the EDPS holds limited voting rights under Article 68(6) GPDR. Secondly, there is an organisational separation between the secretariat and the EDPS for the purposes of to Articles 75(2) and 75(3) GDPR. The independence of the EDPB vis-à-vis the EDPS can be ensured more easily if the EDPS, who provides the secretariat to the Board, does not also chair the EDPB.<ref>Article 75(1) GDPR.</ref> Otherwise, if the EDPS were to stand Chair of the Board, would have to conclude an agreement under Article 75(4) GDPR as an “''in-itself transaction''”.<ref>''Dix'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 5 (C.H. Beck 2020, 3rd edition); agreeing ''Brink, Wilhelm'', in BeckOK DatenschutzR, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 9 (C.H. Beck 2020, 36th edition).</ref> The active right to vote corresponds to a right of passive suffrage; meaning that all members of the EDPB, but not the three acceded EFTA states, can vote.
Legally, it is possible for the EDPS to stand as an electoral candidate for Chair; however, in actuality this would be impracticable for two reasons. Firstly, the EDPS holds limited voting rights under Article 68(6) GPDR. Secondly, there is an organisational separation between the secretariat and the EDPS for the purposes of to Articles 75(2) and 75(3) GDPR. The independence of the EDPB vis-à-vis the EDPS can be ensured more easily if the EDPS, who provides the secretariat to the Board, does not also chair the EDPB.<ref>Article 75(1) GDPR.</ref> Otherwise, if the EDPS were to stand Chair of the Board, under Article 75(4) GDPR, it would have to conclude an internal agreement with the EDPB.<ref>''Dix'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 5 (C.H. Beck 2020, 3rd edition); agreeing ''Brink, Wilhelm'', in BeckOK DatenschutzR, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 9 (C.H. Beck 2020, 36th edition).</ref> The active right to vote corresponds to a right of passive suffrage; meaning that all members of the EDPB, but not the three acceded EFTA states, can vote.


The simple majority requirement aligns with those under Article 72(1) GDPR.<ref>''Brink, Wilhelm'', in BeckOK DatenschutzR, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 12 (C.H. Beck 2020, 36th edition); ''Körffer'', in Paal/Pauly, DS-GVO, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 2 (C.H. Beck 2021, 3rd edition); ''Schiedermair'', in Simitis/Hornung/Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Datenschutzrecht, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 3 (C.H. Beck 2019, 1st edition).</ref> Various commentators have taken the position that the term simple majority is to mean a simple majority of the voting members of the Committee ''present''.<ref>''Nguyen'', in Gola, DS-GVO, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 2 (C.H. Beck 2018, 2nd edition); ''Dix'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 5 (C.H. Beck 2020, 3rd edition); ''Regenhardt'', in Sydow, Europäische Datenschutzgrundverordnung, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 6 (C.H. Beck 2018, 2nd edition).</ref> This reading should be rejected
The simple majority requirement aligns with those under Article 72(1) GDPR.<ref>''Brink, Wilhelm'', in BeckOK DatenschutzR, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 12 (C.H. Beck 2020, 36th edition); ''Körffer'', in Paal/Pauly, DS-GVO, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 2 (C.H. Beck 2021, 3rd edition); ''Schiedermair'', in Simitis/Hornung/Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Datenschutzrecht, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 3 (C.H. Beck 2019, 1st edition).</ref> Various commentators have taken the position that the term simple majority is to mean a simple majority of the voting members of the Committee ''present''.<ref>''Nguyen'', in Gola, DS-GVO, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 2 (C.H. Beck 2018, 2nd edition); ''Dix'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 5 (C.H. Beck 2020, 3rd edition); ''Regenhardt'', in Sydow, Europäische Datenschutzgrundverordnung, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 6 (C.H. Beck 2018, 2nd edition).</ref> The proponents of this view argue that a deviating majority requirement is intended to prevent the any attempted obstruction to the EDPB's ability to act if several members do not attend the election.<ref>''Nguyen'', in Gola, DS-GVO, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 2 (C.H. Beck 2018, 2nd edition).</ref> This reading should be rejected.


A simple majority requirement is needed for the election of the Chair and two deputy chairs, but also for all other decisions taken by the Board. It is not apparent why the principle laid down in Article 72(1) GDPR should be deviated from. Article 72(1) GDPR stipulates that the Board shall take decisions by a simple majority of its members, unless otherwise provided for. Nothing in the wording of Article 73(1) GDPR would suggest an intended derogation from Article 72(1) GDPR, the provision makes no reference to the physical presence of members. Furthermore, the simple majority principle under Article 72(1) GDPR would have applied regardless of Article 73(1) GDPR. In addition, the GDPR explicitly legislates for a simple majority procedure elsewhere, namely in Article 64(3)(2) GDPR. Consequently, it is unlikely that legislators would have intended the term simple majority to mean a simple majority of the voting members present.


must be rejectedition In support of this view, it is argued that the deviating majority requirement is intended to prevent the potential inability of the body to act if several members do not attend the election.<ref>''Nguyen'', in Gola, DS-GVO, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 2 (C.H. Beck 2018, 2nd edition).</ref>
Furthermore, the view of the authors cited above is based on the understanding of the term under German constitutional law, which interprets simple majority to mean a majority of the members present. In contrast, there is no uniform Union law understanding of the term. In addition, a historical argument applies. The Chair and deputy chairs of the WP29 were also elected with a simple majority in the sense of Article 72(1) GDPR. It is unclear why this should now be deviated from without any explicit instruction within the legislative text to do so. In support of our reading, is the fact that the Chair of the EDPB is vested with broader powers than the Chair of its predecessor. In particular, the EDPB Chair is authorised to make a casting vote in accordance with Article 65(3) GDPR.<ref>''Regenhardt'', in Sydow, Europäische Datenschutzgrundverordnung, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 6 (C.H. Beck 2018, 2nd edition).</ref> In this respect, their election would require a higher ascription to democratic principles rather than lower.If the reading of the term simple majority were to be taken in the sense of German constitutional law, it would be possible for the Chair to be elected by one present member, if the rest were not present. Such an outcome could not be intended by the legislature.


However, this problem does not specifically arise for the election of the Chair, but also for other decisions under the GDPR. In particular, the EDPB would be practically incapable of acting without rules of procedure. For their adoption, a two-thirds majority is required Moreover, it is not apparent why the principle laid down in Article 72(1) GDPR should be deviated from. The omission of the addition of “''its members''” after “''simple majority''” seems to be a drafting error. This can be explained by the fact that “''from amongst its members''” already precedes “''by simple majority''”, so that the addition of “''of its members''” may have seemed redundant at first glance. The fact that Article 73(1) GDPR regulates majority requirements at all is not an indication of an intended derogation from Article 72(1) GDPR. Admittedly, the majority principle of Article 72(1) GDPR would have applied anyway without the majority provision in Article 73(1) GDPR. However, the GDPR also explicitly requires a “''simple majority''” (in the sense of Article 72(1) GDPR) elsewhere, namely in the case of the opinion in the consistency mechanism under Article 64(3)(2) GDPR (cf. commentary on Article 72 GDPR).
Finally, the EDPB's own internal procedures are in support of the view expressed here. Article 5(1) Rules of Procedure (“''RoP''”) provides that the election of the Chair and the deputy chairs shall be by secret ballot, ''"by simple majority of members entitled to vote that are present or represented through delegation."'' Article 5(1) RoP provides that voting members are not needed to be present, and may be represented through delegation instead in accordance with Article 22(5) RoP. Article 22(5) RoP provides that ''"every member of the Board entitled to vote who is not represented at a plenary meeting, can delegate its voting rights to another member of the Board entitled to vote and attending the plenary meeting. The Chair and the secretariat shall be notified of any delegation of voting rights."''


This reading should be rejected
=== (2) Term of office ===
 
Article 73(2) GDPR stipulates that a term of office is five years, with the possibility of renewal once. In total, elected persons can thus hold office for a maximum period of ten years. The limited term of office not only ensures that the position of Chair is not held by a sole person for an indefinite amount of time, but also ensures that the representation of the Member States holding important offices change regularly.<ref>''Regenhardt'', in Sydow, Europäische Datenschutzgrundverordnung, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 8 (C.H. Beck 2018, 2nd edition).</ref> The EDPB has made use of its procedural autonomy and has laid down three further termination variants in Article 6(1) and 6(2) RoP which outline the end of the term of office, resignation, and dismissal. According to Article 6(2) RoP, the dismissal of the Chair or a deputy chair can be made by a resolution passed by a simple majority of Board members.
Furthermore, the view of the authors cited above is based on the understanding of the term “''simple majority''” under German constitutional law, which interprets the term as “''majority of the members present''”. In contrast, there is no uniform Union law understanding of this term, and only this understanding is relevant here. In addition, a historical argument applies: The Chair and deputy chairs of the WP29 were also elected with a simple majority in the sense of Article 72(1) GDPR. It is unclear why this should now be deviated from without comment. This is all the more true in view of the fact that the Chair of the EDPB is vested with broader powers than the Chair of the predecessor institution. In particular, the EDPB Chair is authorised to make a casting vote in accordance with Article 65(3) GDPR.<ref>''Regenhardt'', in Sydow, Europäische Datenschutzgrundverordnung, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 6 (C.H. Beck 2018, 2nd edition).</ref> In this respect, their election would require a higher level of democratic legitimacy rather than a lower one. Furthermore, the GDPR does not contain any provisions on a quorum of the EDPB. In fact, according to the view to be rejected, an election of the Chair by only one member would thus be possible, which cannot be intendedition Finally, the EDPB has also endorsed the view expressed here with the introduction of (declaratory) Article 5(1) Rules of Procedure (“''RoP''”). The election of the Chair and the deputy chairs shall be by secret ballot. This is stipulated in Article 5(1) RoP in exercise of the explicit authorisation in Article 76(1) GDPR.
 
=== (2) Term of Office ===
Article 73(2) GDPR stipulates that a term of office is five years, with the possibility of renewal once. In total, elected persons can thus hold office for a maximum period of ten years. The limited term of office not only ensures that the Chair itself rotates, but also that the representation of the Member States holding important offices change regularly.<ref>''Regenhardt'', in Sydow, Europäische Datenschutzgrundverordnung, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 8 (C.H. Beck 2018, 2nd edition).</ref> The entire GDPR contains only one (indirect) provision on the termination of the Chair/deputy chairs, namely by expiry of the term of office in Article 73(2) GDPR. The EDPB has made use of its rules of procedure autonomy and has also laid down three further termination variants in Article 6(1) RoP: (1) the end of the term of office at the SA; (2) resignation; (3) dismissal pursuant to Article 6(2) RoP. In this context, the term “SA” refers to both the national SAs and the EDPS, whose mandate under Article 42 of Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 may end in particular at the end of a (renewable) five-year term.<ref>''Dix'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 6 (C.H. Beck 2020, 3rd edition).</ref> According to Article 6(2) of the RoP, the dismissal of the Chair or a deputy chair can be made by a resolution passed by a simple majority of the EDPB members.
== Decisions ==
== Decisions ==
→ You can find all related decisions in [[:Category:Article 73 GDPR]]
→ You can find all related decisions in [[:Category:Article 73 GDPR]]

Latest revision as of 14:23, 12 October 2023

Article 73 - Chair
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Chapter 10: Delegated and implementing acts

Legal Text


Article 73 - Chair

1. The Board shall elect a chair and two deputy chairs from amongst its members by simple majority.

2. The term of office of the Chair and of the deputy chairs shall be five years and be renewable once.

Relevant Recitals

Recital 139: EDPB
In order to promote the consistent application of this Regulation, the Board should be set up as an independent body of the Union. To fulfil its objectives, the Board should have legal personality. The Board should be represented by its Chair. It should replace the Working Party on the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data established by Directive 95/46/EC. It should consist of the head of a supervisory authority of each Member State and the European Data Protection Supervisor or their respective representatives. The Commission should participate in the Board's activities without voting rights and the European Data Protection Supervisor should have specific voting rights. The Board should contribute to the consistent application of this Regulation throughout the Union, including by advising the Commission, in particular on the level of protection in third countries or international organisations, and promoting cooperation of the supervisory authorities throughout the Union. The Board should act independently when performing its tasks.

Commentary

Article 73 GDPR establishes the hierarchical framework of the Board. The purpose of this provision is primarily to regulate the election procedure and term of office of the Chair and its two deputy chairs, establishing that the election procedure is through simple majority and that the term of office is five years. For the role of the Chair, refer to Articles 68 and 74 GDPR.

(1) Chair, deputy chairs and their election

The Chair is the representative of the EDPB and is sometimes referred to as the “mouthpiece of the data protection supervisory authorities in Europe”.[1] As was the case with the Article 29 Working Party (“WP29”), the Chair is assisted by two deputy chairs. The advantage of this arrangement is that it allows for three Member State supervisory authorities to participate in a decisive position on the Board.[2] All members of the Board are entitled to stand for election. Pursuant to Article 68(3) GDPR, Board members are the heads of Member State supervisory authorities and the European Data Protection Supervisor ("EDPS").[3] The Commission has the right to participate in the activities and meetings of the EDPB (Article 68(5)(1) GDPR), but is not a member.

Legally, it is possible for the EDPS to stand as an electoral candidate for Chair; however, in actuality this would be impracticable for two reasons. Firstly, the EDPS holds limited voting rights under Article 68(6) GPDR. Secondly, there is an organisational separation between the secretariat and the EDPS for the purposes of to Articles 75(2) and 75(3) GDPR. The independence of the EDPB vis-à-vis the EDPS can be ensured more easily if the EDPS, who provides the secretariat to the Board, does not also chair the EDPB.[4] Otherwise, if the EDPS were to stand Chair of the Board, under Article 75(4) GDPR, it would have to conclude an internal agreement with the EDPB.[5] The active right to vote corresponds to a right of passive suffrage; meaning that all members of the EDPB, but not the three acceded EFTA states, can vote.

The simple majority requirement aligns with those under Article 72(1) GDPR.[6] Various commentators have taken the position that the term simple majority is to mean a simple majority of the voting members of the Committee present.[7] The proponents of this view argue that a deviating majority requirement is intended to prevent the any attempted obstruction to the EDPB's ability to act if several members do not attend the election.[8] This reading should be rejected.

A simple majority requirement is needed for the election of the Chair and two deputy chairs, but also for all other decisions taken by the Board. It is not apparent why the principle laid down in Article 72(1) GDPR should be deviated from. Article 72(1) GDPR stipulates that the Board shall take decisions by a simple majority of its members, unless otherwise provided for. Nothing in the wording of Article 73(1) GDPR would suggest an intended derogation from Article 72(1) GDPR, the provision makes no reference to the physical presence of members. Furthermore, the simple majority principle under Article 72(1) GDPR would have applied regardless of Article 73(1) GDPR. In addition, the GDPR explicitly legislates for a simple majority procedure elsewhere, namely in Article 64(3)(2) GDPR. Consequently, it is unlikely that legislators would have intended the term simple majority to mean a simple majority of the voting members present.

Furthermore, the view of the authors cited above is based on the understanding of the term under German constitutional law, which interprets simple majority to mean a majority of the members present. In contrast, there is no uniform Union law understanding of the term. In addition, a historical argument applies. The Chair and deputy chairs of the WP29 were also elected with a simple majority in the sense of Article 72(1) GDPR. It is unclear why this should now be deviated from without any explicit instruction within the legislative text to do so. In support of our reading, is the fact that the Chair of the EDPB is vested with broader powers than the Chair of its predecessor. In particular, the EDPB Chair is authorised to make a casting vote in accordance with Article 65(3) GDPR.[9] In this respect, their election would require a higher ascription to democratic principles rather than lower.If the reading of the term simple majority were to be taken in the sense of German constitutional law, it would be possible for the Chair to be elected by one present member, if the rest were not present. Such an outcome could not be intended by the legislature.

Finally, the EDPB's own internal procedures are in support of the view expressed here. Article 5(1) Rules of Procedure (“RoP”) provides that the election of the Chair and the deputy chairs shall be by secret ballot, "by simple majority of members entitled to vote that are present or represented through delegation." Article 5(1) RoP provides that voting members are not needed to be present, and may be represented through delegation instead in accordance with Article 22(5) RoP. Article 22(5) RoP provides that "every member of the Board entitled to vote who is not represented at a plenary meeting, can delegate its voting rights to another member of the Board entitled to vote and attending the plenary meeting. The Chair and the secretariat shall be notified of any delegation of voting rights."

(2) Term of office

Article 73(2) GDPR stipulates that a term of office is five years, with the possibility of renewal once. In total, elected persons can thus hold office for a maximum period of ten years. The limited term of office not only ensures that the position of Chair is not held by a sole person for an indefinite amount of time, but also ensures that the representation of the Member States holding important offices change regularly.[10] The EDPB has made use of its procedural autonomy and has laid down three further termination variants in Article 6(1) and 6(2) RoP which outline the end of the term of office, resignation, and dismissal. According to Article 6(2) RoP, the dismissal of the Chair or a deputy chair can be made by a resolution passed by a simple majority of Board members.

Decisions

→ You can find all related decisions in Category:Article 73 GDPR

References

  1. Nguyen, in Gola, DS-GVO, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 1 (C.H. Beck 2018, 2nd edition); Brink, Wilhelm, in BeckOK DatenschutzR, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 2 (C.H. Beck 2020, 36th edition).
  2. Brink, Wilhelm, in BeckOK DatenschutzR, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 4 (C.H. Beck 2020, 36th edition).
  3. Not included in the Board's membership are the three acceded EFTA countries.
  4. Article 75(1) GDPR.
  5. Dix, in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 5 (C.H. Beck 2020, 3rd edition); agreeing Brink, Wilhelm, in BeckOK DatenschutzR, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 9 (C.H. Beck 2020, 36th edition).
  6. Brink, Wilhelm, in BeckOK DatenschutzR, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 12 (C.H. Beck 2020, 36th edition); Körffer, in Paal/Pauly, DS-GVO, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 2 (C.H. Beck 2021, 3rd edition); Schiedermair, in Simitis/Hornung/Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Datenschutzrecht, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 3 (C.H. Beck 2019, 1st edition).
  7. Nguyen, in Gola, DS-GVO, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 2 (C.H. Beck 2018, 2nd edition); Dix, in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 5 (C.H. Beck 2020, 3rd edition); Regenhardt, in Sydow, Europäische Datenschutzgrundverordnung, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 6 (C.H. Beck 2018, 2nd edition).
  8. Nguyen, in Gola, DS-GVO, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 2 (C.H. Beck 2018, 2nd edition).
  9. Regenhardt, in Sydow, Europäische Datenschutzgrundverordnung, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 6 (C.H. Beck 2018, 2nd edition).
  10. Regenhardt, in Sydow, Europäische Datenschutzgrundverordnung, Article 73 GDPR, margin number 8 (C.H. Beck 2018, 2nd edition).